Item No.     3c_supp_2 
Date of Meeting    June 28, 2016 
Aviation Biofuels  Critical to
Aviation's Attainment of
Environmental Sustainability 
Port of Seattle Commission Meeting 
June 28, 2016 
Ralph Cavalieri 
Director, Aviation Sustainability Center (ASCENT)  the FAA Center
of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels and Environment 
Associate Vice-President for Research 
Washington State University

The FAA Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels and
Environment (Aviation Sustainability Center  ASCENT) is
funded by the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Office of Environment and Energy under FAA Award Number
13-C-AJFE. 
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations
expressed in this material are those of the author and do
not necessarily reflect the views of the FAA or other ASCENT
Sponsors.

ASCENT - FAA Center of Excellence for
Alternative Jet Fuels and Environment 
Ralph Cavalieri, Director    R. John Hansman, Co-Director 
Washington State University       Massachusetts Institute of Technology 
James Hileman, FAA Program Manager 
Research Focus Areas 
Alternative Jet Fuels                     Environmental 
3.1.1. Feedstock Development, Processing and      3.1.6. Aircraft Noise and Impacts 
Conversion 
3.1.7. Aviation Emissions and Impacts 
3.1.2. Regional Supply and Refining Infrastructure 
3.1.8. Aircraft Technology Assessment 
3.1.3. Environmental Benefits Analysis 
3.1.9. Energy Efficient Gate-to-Gate Aircraft Operations 
3.1.4. Aircraft Component Deterioration and Wear 
3.1.10. Aviation Modeling and Analysis 
3.1.5. Fuel Performance Testing

ASCENT Team 
Lead Universities: 
Washington State University (WSU)* 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 
Core Universities: 
Boston University (BU) 
Georgia Institute of Technology (Ga Tech) 
Missouri University of Science and 
Technology (MS&T) 
Oregon State University (OSU)* 
Pennsylvania State University (PSU)* 
Purdue University (PU)* 
Stanford University (SU) 
University of Dayton (UD) 
University of Hawaii (UH)*                     Advisory Committee - 58 organizations: 
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)*                5 airports 
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC)                 4 airlines 
7 NGO/advocacy 
University of Pennsylvania (UPenn)                        9 aviation manufacturers 
University of Tennessee (UT)*                          11 feedstock/fuel manufacturers 
University of Washington (UW)*                         22 R&D, service to aviation sector 
* Denotes USDA NIFA AFRI-CAP Leads and Participants & Sun Grant Schools

Economic and Social 
Benefits of Aviation 
5.4% of        11.8 Million 
U.S. GDP 
U.S. jobs 
1.5 Trillion       27% of U.S. exports
$430.9 billion 
in U.S. economic 
activity annually                22% of U.S. imports 
$509.4 billion 
SOURCE: FAA Air Traffic Organization; US Census Bureau

Environmental 
Protection to Enable 
Increased Mobility 

NOISE      AIR QUALITY     CLIMATE      ENERGY 
Reduce the number of     Reduce significant air quality     Achieve carbon neutral      Develop and deploy
people exposed to        impacts attributable to     growth by 2020 relative to a
sustainable alternative
significant noise around U.S.          aviation                2005 baseline 
airports                                                                  aviation fuels 
ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY GOALS

The Five Pillar Approach 
Science and Tools     Technology         Alternative Fuels 
PILLAR 1: Improved Scientific Knowledge and        PILLAR 2: New Aircraft Technologies               PILLAR 3: Sustainable Alternative Aviation Fuels 
Integrated Modeling                         Offer the greatest opportunity to reduce          Reduce environmental impacts, enhance energy
Decision-making based on solid scientific           environmental impacts                       security, and provide economic benefits 
understanding                          Partner with industry, research community,        Collaborate with stakeholders through the
Work with research community through the        NASA, and Department of Defense              Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative
Aviation Sustainability Center (ASCENT)           Mature new engine and airframe technologies        (CAAFI) 
Understand public health and welfare impacts        through the Continuous Lower Energy,           Test alternative jet fuels to ensure they are safe
Incorporate this knowledge within the Aviation       Emissions and Noise (CLEEN) Program             for use through ASCENT and CLEEN 
Environmental Tool Suite                                                          Analyze their potential for reducing the
environmental impacts of aviation 
Operations         Policy 
PILLAR 4: Air Traffic Management Modernization      PILLAR 5: Policies, Environmental Standards, and
and Operational Improvements                 Market Based Measures 
Increase efficiency of aircraft operations           Implement domestic policies, programs, and
through the Next Generation Air               mechanisms to support technology and operational
Transportation System (NextGen)               innovation                             http://www.faa.gov/ 
Engage with industry, research community,        Develop and implement aircraft emissions and noise        nextgen           http://www.caafi.org 
NASA, and Department of Defense              standards 
Develop advanced operational procedures to       Work within the International Civil Aviation
optimize gate-to-gate operations                 Organization (ICAO) to pursue a basket of measures
Integrate infrastructure enhancements to the        to address emissions that affect climate, including a
National Airspace System (NAS), improving          global market based measure as a gap filler 
environmental performance                 Seek international partners to further our
environmental and energy strategy 
http://www.faa.gov/            http://ascent.aero 
go/cleen

Noise 
GOAL: Reduce population exposure to significant noise around U.S. airports 
SOURCE: FAA Office of Environment and Energy 
What we have ACHIEVED 
95% reduction 
in the number of people exposed to significant 
noise in proximity to U.S. airports 





260% increase in passengers travelling in the 
U.S. from 200 million to 720 million 
9 Billion provided by FAA 
Developed a Balanced Approach using 
since 1982 for sound insulation of homes 
Source Reduction, Land Use Planning, and 
and schools around U.S. airports 
Operational Procedures and Restrictions

Noise: What we are DOING NOW 
SCIENCE & INTEGRATED MODELING 

ANNOYANCE     CHILDREN'S    HUMAN HEALTH  SLEEP DISTURBANCE  MODELING 
Nationwide        LEARNING        Explore the       Field studies to      Improve
survey to        Case Studies    incremental effects of     determine       modeling of 
understand        through the      aviation noise on  physiological impacts   noise effects 
community    National Academy    human health     of aviation noise    and impacts 
reaction to         of Science 
aircraft noise 

MITIGATION 

NEW TECHNOLOGY              SOUND      LAND USE      POLICY 
Mature new aircraft    OPERATIONS     INSULATION       PLANNING     Promulgate Stage 
and engine       Develop and     Continue the     Examine land use   5 noise standard 
technologies to       implement     long-established      compatibility     and phase out 3 
reduce aircraft      procedures to    Sound Insulation    older jet aircraft so    and quieter are 
source noise through    reduce noise     Program and     Stage guidelines    flying after end of 
FAA's CLEEN      exposure    improve eligibility                  2015 
Program                    criteria

Air Quality 
GOAL: Reduce significant air quality impacts attributable to aviation 

What we have ACHIEVED 
Eliminated smoke emissions 
DC-8,                                                   Boeing 787, 
1958                                                   2012 



NO
x
50% reduction in         18% reduction in fuel         Characterized gaseous          Measured 50% 
CAEP Nitrogen Oxides      burned over the last 7         and Particulate Matter         reduction in PM 
(NO )             years, yielding lower           (PM) emissions from        emissions from the use 
x
emissions standard         pollutant emissions         aircraft engines burning jet      of alternative jet fuels in 
since 1995           despite growth in civil                fuel               full scale jet engines 
aviation 

SOURCE: EPA Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2012, EPA 430-R-14-003, April 15, 2014

Air Quality: What we are DOING NOW 
SCIENCE & INTEGRATED MODELING 

HUMAN HEALTH  ENGINE CERTIFICATION EMISSION MEASUREMENTS   MODELING 
Explore the incremental    Use the latest      Develop gaseous and PM   Improve modeling of 
effects of aviation       measurement        emissions measurement    aviation emissions 
emissions on human   technology to certify     systems for jet engine   consequences and 
health         engine emissions           exhaust             impacts 


MITIGATION 

NEW TECHNOLOGY     OPERATIONS      ALTERNATIVE       POLICY 
Mature new aircraft and      Develop and           FUELS         Promulgate engine 
engine technologies to        implement        Deploy alternative       PM emissions 
reduce emissions       procedures to      fuels to reduce PM        standard 
through FAA's CLEEN     reduce emissions       emissions 
Program

Climate 
GOAL: Achieve carbon neutral growth by 2020 relative to a 2005 baseline 
SOURCE: FAA Office of Environment and Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book, 2014 
What we have ACHIEVED 
Three decades of           7000
aviation energy efficiency      6000
improvement 
5000
BTU/passenger mile 4000
3000
2000
Climate Action Plan 
1000
for U.S. Aviation 

1980 1984  1988  1992  1996  2000 2004  2008  2012 
Aircraft       Cars          Transit Buses     Rail 

Estimated that global                80% reduction in lifecycle              Quantified aviation 
aviation Carbon Dioxide             greenhouse gas emissions             greenhouse gas 
(CO ) emissions could               compared to conventional              emissions and 
2
grow to 5% by 2050                 fuels achievable via                  reduced 
from current 2% level                 certified alternative jet fuels              uncertainties on 
contrail effects

Climate: What we are DOING NOW 
SCIENCE & INTEGRATED MODELING 

CLIMATE METRICS    CONTRAILS    CRUISE EMISSIONS   MODELING 
Explore the incremental       Understand        Study impacts from     Improve fuel use 
effects of aviation       condensation trails      aircraft emissions at     calculations and 
emissions on climate     formation and their         altitude         climate impacts 
change            effects                          modeling 

MITIGATION 

NEW TECHNOLOGY  OPERATIONS   ALTERNATIVE       POLICY 
Mature new aircraft and     Develop and         FUELS         Develop global market
engine technologies to      implement     Advance certification of      based measure for 
reduce CO emissions    procedures to    drop-in alternative jet    international aviation and 
2 
through FAA's CLEEN    reduce fuel use   fuels, and calculate well-   promulgate aircraft CO
2 
Program                   to-wake climate benefits        standard

Climate: What we are DOING NOW 

The FAA's CLEEN Program is developing aircraft 
technologies that reduce fuel use and CO
2 
emissions, including Boeing's adaptive trailing 
edge and ceramic matrix composite exhaust 
nozzle technologies which were flight tested on 
the Boeing ecoDemonstrator aircraft 



NASA and FAA are working with international 
partners from Canada and Germany to 
characterize alternative fuel emissions in 
flight and to understand contrail formation

Carbon Mitigation Strategy 


Source: Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) (2010), The right flight path to reduce aviation emissions, ATAG. Geneva.



















































ASCENT Alternative Jet Fuel
Projects 
Project #     Title 
01         Alternative Jet Fuel Supply Chain Analysis 
21         Improving Climate Policy Analysis Tools 
24         Emissions Data Analysis for CLEEN, ACCESS, and Other Recent Tests 
25         National Jet Fuels Combustion Program  Area #1: Chemical Kinetics Combustion Experiments 
26         National Jet Fuels Combustion Program  Area #2: Chemical Kinetics Model Development and Evaluation 
27         National Jet Fuels Combustion Program  Area #3: Advanced Combustion Tests 
28         National Jet Fuels Combustion Program  Area #4: Combustion Model Development and Evaluation 
29         National Jet Fuels Combustion Program  Area #5: Atomization Tests and Models 
30         National Jet Fuels Combustion Program  Area #6: Referee Swirl-Stabilized Combustor Evaluation/Support 
31         Alternative Jet Fuels Test and Evaluation 
32         Worldwide LCA of GHG Emissions from Petroleum Jet Fuel 
33         Alternative Fuels Test Database Library 
34         National Jet Fuels Combustion Program  Area #7: Overall Program Integration and Analysis

Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance 
A new vista for Green Fuels, Chemicals, & Environmentally Preferred Products 
Ralph Cavalieri 
Associate Vice-President for Alternative Energy 
Project Director 
Michael Wolcott 
Regents Professor 
Project Co-Director 

Washington State University 
Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance

NARA Team                       Port of Seattle Commission Meeting 
June 28, 2016 in SeaTac, WA 






Alaska Airlines             Montana State University             University of Wisconsin- 
ANDRITZ             National Center for Genome Research    Extension 
Biomass ad Infinitum LLC     National Renewable Energy Laboratory    USDA Forest Products
Catchlight Energy          Oregon State University              Laboratory 
CLH                    Penn State University                 USDA Forest Service 
Cosmo Specialty Fibers Inc.    Salish Kootenai College               Washington State
Facing the Future          South Hampton Resources Inc.         University 
Forest Business Network    Steadfast Management Inc.           Western Washington
LLC                    Thomas Spink Inc.                  University 
Gevan Marrs LLC          University of Idaho                Greenwood Resources 
Gevo, Inc.                University of Minnesota               Weyerhaeuser 
ICM                 University of Montana 
University of Utah 
University of Washington

Economic Impact                    Port of Seattle Commission Meeting 
June 28, 2016 in SeaTac, WA

Pathway to Commercial Reality            Port of Seattle Commission Meeting 
June 28, 2016 in SeaTac, WA 
Current Process Design 
Current Status is FEL-1 (Preliminary Process Design)
to FEL-2 (Detailed Process Design) 
Needs Optimization of Value Chain 
Refinement of Market and Equipment Costs 
Consideration for Comparison to Petroleum 
Petroleum fuel production does not account for
green house gas production, only costs 
Petroleum fuel allowed to fully depreciate capital
including drilling assets 
Petroleum fuels are lowest in value chain that
includes petrochemicals

Regional Supply Chain Analyses            Port of Seattle Commission Meeting 
June 28, 2016 in SeaTac, WA

Port of Seattle Commission Meeting 
June 28, 2016 in SeaTac, WA 

Making Alternative Jet Fuel is Complicated 
And It's Even More Complicated to Make Money! 
But it's Good for the Environment 
And Good For Local Economies 
Continue on the Pathway to Commercial Reality 
Continue to Focus on Supply Chains 
TAKE HOME LESSONS FROM NARA

1K-IPK  Fuel Distribution and Demonstration   Port of Seattle Commission Meeting 
June 28, 2016 in SeaTac, WA 

Fuel Certification 
Alternative Jet - ASTM D7566 
Blending 
Conventional Jet  ASTM D1655 
Distribution to Wing 
Commercial Demonstration
Flight 
Processing Partners 
Gevo Corp 
South Hampton Refining 
Blending Partner 
Alaska Airlines

Port of Seattle Commission Meeting 
June 28, 2016 in SeaTac, WA 
Moving from Invention to Commercial Reality 
Forest Residue Collection and Preparation 
Envisioning Integrated Facilities and Siting 
SPORL / MBS Pretreatment 
Alcohol to Jet 
Demonstrating Feasibility with Supply Chain Implementation Partners 
Educating Citizens, Industry, Policy Makers 
Advancing Supply Chain Development 
THE ROLE OF NARA 
LEARN MORE ON THE WEB AT NARARENEWABLES.ORG

Port of Seattle Commission Meeting 
June 28, 2016 in SeaTac, WA 

Creating a Market 
Port of Seattle's visible and tangible leadership sends clear
message to potential alternative jet fuel producers and their
financial backers that Sea-Tac is planning for the day that
biojet will be available through the hydrant system for the
aircraft that use the airport 
THE ROLE OF THE PORT OF SEATTLE