Ground Transportation Policy Directive
Exhibit A to Resolution 3759
Port of Seattle Commission
Ground Transportation Principles and
Goals Policy Directive
As Adopted
July 9, 2019
SECTION 1. Purpose.
This policy directive establishes guidance on ground transportation at the Seattle-Tacoma
International Airport including principles, goals, monitoring, and reporting; creates an Annual
Ground Transportation Progress Report; affirms airport commute-trip-reduction (CTR) goals;
and establishes a transportation management association.
SECTION 2. Definitions.
When used in this policy directive, the following words and phrases shall have the meanings
given below unless the context in which they are included clearly indicates otherwise:
“Commute-tripreduction (CTR)” refers to the regulations developed under the Washington
Administrative Code 468-63-010, with the intent to reduce automobile-related air pollution,
traffic congestion, and energy use through employer-based programs that encourage the use of
alternatives to single occupant vehicles travelling during peak traffic periods for the commute
trip.
“Ground transportation”means non-aviation activities that relate to travelling to and from the
airport.
“Scope 3 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions” refers to the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard that
classifies a company’s GHG emissions into three ‘scopes.’ Scope 1 emissions are direct
emissions from owned or controlled sources. Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions from the
generation of purchased energy. Scope 3 emissions are all indirect emissions (not included in
scope 2) that occur in the value chain of the reporting company, including both upstream and
downstream emissions.
SECTION 3. Scope and Applicability.
This policy directive applies to all activities related to ground transportation to and from
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport.
SECTION 4. Responsibilities.
The Executive Director shall engage in the following activities in pursuit of this policy directive,
either directly or by appropriate delegation of authority:
A. Ensure the Ground Transportation principles are applied to decisions on ground
transportation at the appropriate time and in the appropriate manner.
B. Strive to achieve the goals enumerated below.
C. Provide an Annual Ground Transportation Report to the Commission.
Port of Seattle Ground Transportation Policy Directive Page 2 of 4
SECTION 5. Policy.
A. Ground Transportation Principles. The Federal Aviation Administration regulatory
guidance directs an airport fee and rental structure designed to make the airport as
self-sustaining as possible. In this context, self -sustaining is generally interpreted as
applying fair market value commercial rates under the particular airport’s
circumstances. This reduces the airport’s reliance on federal funds and local tax
revenues. In developing recommendations to the Commission governing ground
transportation, Port staff shall, alongside the regulatory guidance, use the following
guiding principles in managing ground transportation activities at Seattle-Tacoma
International Airport.
(1) Reduce passenger and commuter trips and lower carbon emissions to
achieve Port GHG-reduction goals and reduce negative community impacts.
(2) Reduce airport drive and roadway congestion, improve ease of access to the
airport, increase transportation options, and improve the customer
experience.
(3) Support equity considerations by promoting living wage jobs, equal business
opportunities, and accessibility for people with disabilities.
B. Ground Transportation Goals. Port staff shall apply the principles in Section 5(A) and
implement strategies to achieve the following ground transportation goals.
(1) Reduce curbside private vehicle pickup/drop off from 41 percent to 30
percent of mode share by 2030.
(2) Reduce Scope 3 GHG emissions from passenger vehicles to 50 percent of
2007 levels by 2030.
(3) Maintain a maximum 15-minute travel time from the airport clock tower to
terminal curb or parking garage.
C. The Port is committed to airport employee CTR.
(1) The Commission affirms the Port’s commitment to achieving the drive-alone rate
goal for Port employees at the Airport established by the CTR program currently
set by the City of SeaTac at a 65 percent drive-alone rate.
(2) The Port shall establish a Transportation Management Association (TMA) by
2020 and make membership available to all employers operating at the Airport.
The TMA will support commute reduction strategies that go beyond minimum
CTR requirements and facilitate efficient movement of employees to and from
Port of Seattle Ground Transportation Policy Directive Page 3 of 4
the Airport. The primary goal of the TMA will be to support the reduction of
drive-alone rates for employees that work at the Airport.
(3) The Port shall develop and implement parking management strategies and tools
to help achieve airport CTR goals, reduce drive-alone rates, and achieve the
desired mode split.
SECTION 6. Program Evaluation.
Port staff shall prepare and deliver to the Commission an Annual Ground Transportation
Progress Report by June 30th of each year that includes progress and recommendations to
better achieve the policy outlined in Sections 3 A. B. and C.
SECTION 7. Fiscal Implications.
Fiscal implications shall be reviewed by the Executive Director annually, at a minimum, to ensure
the implementation of the policy directive is adequately resourced and shall submit a budget
request as appropriate.
SECTION 8. Research Findings
The following attachments document the research findings of this policy directive:
Attachment 1: Ground Transportation Access Study Report dated August 20, 2018 (Table of
Contents and Executive Summary – full report available on request)
Attachment 2: Ground Transportation Commission Study Session Briefing PowerPoint of
July 10, 2018
Attachment 3: Ground Transportation Commission Briefing PowerPoint of September 25, 2018
Port of Seattle Ground Transportation Policy Directive Page 4 of 4
ATTACHMENT 1 to Ground Transportation Policy Directive
SEATTLE-TACOMA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUGUST 20, 2018
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary EX-1
1. Introduction 1-1
1.1 Study Objectives 1-1
1.2 Study Organization 1-3
2. Stakeholder Outreach 2-1
2.1 Defining Equity Principles 2-1
2.1.1 TRANSIT AGENCY MEETINGS .....cooierresecnreeeamessitissssansa ssanissssssssssssssssesssssssassasssssssssins 2-3
2.2 Ground Transportation Operator Meetings 2-5
2.3 Airport Workforce Survey 2-7
3. Benchmarking and Best Practices 3-1
3.1 Summary of Benchmarking Study 3-1
3.2 Benchmarked Domestic Airports 3-2
3.2.1 MODE SHARE AND SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION 3-2
3.2.2 AGREEMENTS, REGULATIONS, AND TRIP FEES 3-3
323 EQUITY AND LIVING WAGE POLICIES. .......ooeeieereenetiiaiescersenssemssensissisisisssssseessesessssssssossssssssssesssssnesssass 3-4
33 Benchmarked International Airports 3-5
3.3.1 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS .3-5
4. Factors Affecting Mode Choice 4-1
4.1 Passenger Profiles 4-1
4.2 Factors Affecting Market and Mode Choice 4-3
4.22 MARKET SEGMENTS AND TRIP PURPOSE... sss ssssesissss sssissassissssassissssesioe 4-4
424 OTHER FACTORS...uiisiiiasisniinnseisosiossssis sme gous si ames is hiss 5 a idioms onsss estsa otSse oon EBEsAs 00 4-5
4.25 SUMMARY CHARACTERISTICS... 4-5
4.3 High-Occupancy Vehicle Services 4-6
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4.3.1 SUBURBAN SHUTTLE BUS 4-6
4.3.2 DIRECT AIRPORT RAIL 4-7
4.4 Evaluating and Ranking Modes 4-8
441 PERFORMANCE AND HIERARCHY OF GROUND ACCESS STRATEGIES. .......ovvecerrrreeenreemrsenisernens4-9
5. Regional Transportation Review and Integration 5-1
5.1 Regional Transit Access 5-1
5.11 KING COUNTY METRO .cccmererrcrrecrnermeesisesirescsssssssecesecssnsessessssesssscsssssessnssssessssessansonsssssanesssesssenssssnsssessses 5-3
5.1.2 SOUND TRANSIT 5-5
5.13 LIGHT RAIL SERVICE AND CAPACITY DISCUSSION 5-8
514 SUMMARY OF PROJECTS IN THE VICINITY... 5-13
5.15 EMPLOYEE AIRPORT ACCESS 5-15
5.2 Analysis Tools 5-17
6. Business Planning 6-1
6.1 Existing Conditions and Trends 6-1
6.1.1 BACKGROUND 6-1
6.1.2 COMMERCIAL GROUND TRANSPORTATION OVERVIEW 6-3
6.1.3 COMMERCIAL GROUND TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITY 6-5
6.1.4 COMMERCIAL GROUND TRANSPORTATION REVENUE 6-6
6.1.5 OTHER GROUND TRANSPORTATION REVENUE 6-8
6.1.6 GROUND TRANSPORTATION USE CASES........... 6-9
6.1.7 TNCS AND TAXIS: TRENDS, CHALLENGES, FINDINGS..... 6-13
6.1.8 TAXI/TNC BEST PRACTICES 6-22
6.2 Recommendations and Next Steps 6-27
7. Evaluation of Alternative GTAP Strategies 7-1
7.1 Evaluation Process 7-1
7.1.1 GENERATION OF IDEAS/STAKEHOLDER OUTREACH........ 7-1
7.1.2 LIST OF INITIAL STRATEGIES... 7-2
7.1.3 TARGET AUDIENCE .....oecrrcrerrineresressenseressesesianns 7-2
7.1.4 STRATEGY CATEGORIZATION......orierrrrrreeriesessiisesirsesessasesssscssessessssssssssssssssssnssessensantas esssssssssssssssssssassasesssss 7-2
7.1.5 PROCESS FOR LEVEL 1 STRATEGY SCREENING.......coocoerrrerrecrccmmrennecriseieesinsiiinnns 7-3
7.1.6 PROCESS FOR LEVEL 2 STRATEGY SCREENING. ......conrmenecenmrieerneeineieessisennins 7-5
7.2 Level 1 Screening of Strategies 7-6
7.3 Level 2 Analysis of Strategies 7-12
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7.3.1 QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT 7-12
732 QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT.....ooieiiretiiceiassssenssi sss bssssea ssssscose enssiesssessssesssesssssssnssenessessssssnntecsnas 7-12
733 EVALUATION RESULTS i. imisiisisssssisiissmmmsisitisisstintsisinstsseenssissitsoniinessmeessossomiiessommsnssmmitsosmarbssome 7-13
7.34 SUMMARY HANDOUTS cc. eisseenmsssssssssnssnns 7-13
8. Recommendations and Next Steps 8-1
8.1 Recommendations 8-1
8.1.1 GTAP STRATEGIES......... iii miriam aso 8-1
8.1.2 BUSINESS STRATEGIES... ceeremmrecesecmensssicenniseesmssssensnessensecsiosesas 8-3
8.2 Summary of Recommended Next Steps 8-5
List of Appendices
Appendix A Stakeholder Outreach: Supplemental Information
Appendix B Benchmarking Study
Appendix C Strategy Evaluation: Level 1 and Level 2 Analysis Worksheets
Appendix D Analysis of Strategy 1: Express Bus Service
Appendix E Sound Transit Light Rail Memo
List of Tables
Table ES-1: Shortlisted (Top 10) GTAP Study Strategies......ereecemessimessmneesnressmanes EX-7
Table ES-2: Recommended Business Strategies Summary........co...... EX-8
Table ES-3: Summary of Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Shortlisted (Top 10) Strategies ......c.ccuuee. EX-9
Table 1-1: Mode Share Category Definition at SEA (2014 £0 20717). iecierernrecnierisressesssesssssserssnsscsmsnsescs 1-3
Table 2-1: Schedule of Events for Ground Transportation Operator of MEetings.........occrocerrerermemrecrimecressncees 2-5
Table 2-2: Summary of Feedback from Ground Transportation Operator Meetings ..........ccceummosrceemmmmmsccsinns 2-6
Table 3-1: Summary of Annual Passenger Levels at Domestic Benchmarked Airports .......cenernmscesenees 3-2
Table 3-2: Cost of Living Variation by Metropolitan Ara... crinerneeriesenneesssesiosessisessesssssssmsssasesssesssesens 3-5
Table 3-3: Characteristics of European Transit CONNECTIONS ..........eimrienneriimesisecsissessisssssssssssssesssssessssessssasssssssessses 3-6
Table 4-1: Primary Markets Associated with Public Ground Transportation Services...cemeenncens 4-4
Table 4-2: Examples of Direct U.S. Airport Rail Connections - 4-8
Table 5-1: Current BUS Service 10 the AIMPOrt........creniiereessesseereesiesssissiessessssssscaseessassessessenssseresssssessassessmesessions 5-3
Table 5-2: King County Metro Current Routes with Stops at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport Station... 5-4
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Table 5-3: King County Metro Current Routes with Stops Adjacent to Seattle-Tacoma International
Airport Station... Ceeetaee aera A rete seEas ERAS Ree SASSER RARSeR RASeebA AASbabesbeanspenne 5-5
Table 5-4: Current Sound Transit Routes with Stops at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport Station................ 5-6
Table 5-5: Travel Demand ANaIYSIS TOONS... mesesissmsesssassssssessssisesssssssnssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssasesssssasessssseans 5-18
Table 6-1: Overview of Principal Ground Transportation SErVICES .....ummriinsssesssenssessssenssssesssssssnes 6-4
Table 6-2: Outbound Trips at the Airport — 2015 t0 2017 ..oovevveerrenrreeennn 6-5
Table 6-3: Ground Transportation Providers — Trip Fees at Benchmarked Airports........eceeeerseereeeeneesseneins 6-7
Table 6-4: Commercial Ground Transportation Revenue — 2015 t0 2077 ......cmrerenersennnriissmsssssesssssssssssssesssss 6-8
Table 6-5: Parking and Rental Car Revenue — 2014 to 2017... ereebe eeeARERR REAR RASS6-8
Table 6-6: Trip Use Case: DOWNTOWN SEALE WA... sssssssnssssssssasssssssssssssesssssesssarssssssssssssessssanssasens6-10
Table 6-7: Trip Use Case: Bellevue WA sentra eres 6-11
Table 6-8: Trip Use Case: Everett WA er eeRReeeRe eRe ERE RRS RRR 6-12
Table 6-9: Taxi Contracts and Features — 1989 t0 20717... mrreeememnerssnsrsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssnsssssenn 6-18
Table 6-10: Taxi and Transportation Network Company Salary and Wages.......covrveeunnn. 6-20
Table 6-11: Policy Options for Commercial Ground Transportation Agreements... .meemrssssssssnnssens6-21
Table 6-12: Comparison of Business Model Key Features........... .6-23
Table 6-13: Business Model Performance Compared to Criteria (Based on Goals and Priorities)...6-24
Table 6-14: Summary of Taxi and TNC Best Practices (1 of 2) etter estababasa eaeeasaeeReet ens enesserenee basen stern 6-25
Table 6-14: Summary of Taxi and TNC Best Practices (2 of 2) reste enersess ass saa sane tent ins .6-26
Table 6-15: Business Planning Recommendations SUMMETY ..........ucemurerermmemmesneseerssmsssssessssssssssssssessssssessssssssons6-28
Table 7-1: Level 1 Strategies by Category (Transit System and Mode Share Improvement) ........oo..coeeeeeeeeenernnn: 7-7
Table 7-2: Level 1 Strategies by Category (CONtraCtual/POlCY)... rriscmssessssnssssssssssssssssssnssssssssssssssesssssasesssans 7-8
Table 7-3: Level 1 Strategies by Category (Commute Trip Reduction) i” “7-9
Table 7-4: Level 1 Strategies by Category (Parking PoliCy/PriCing).....ccusreessinmeerssrsssssessssssssessssssessssssnesens7-10
Table 7-5: Level 1 Strategies by Category (Site ENNANCEMENT) ...vvecenrrreermrrisirenserissersressssmssssssssssssssssnsssssssssesssssssnseses7-10
Table 7-6: Level 1 Strategies by Category (Land US/LOCALION)......crrmrremmrreiisssssssessssssssssssssnsssssssssessssssssssens7-11
Table 7-7: Compiled Summary of Level 2 Strategy Evaluation RESUITS.......cmverecenmrrereenssesneseesesesessssssenesses nesens7-14
Table 8-1: Shortlisted (Top 10) GTAP StUAY Srat@GiES.... riersssssesesssssssssssssssssssssssassssssasssssasss sons 8-2
Table 8-2: Recommended Business Strategies SUMIMAIY ...........ciimersusssssssnssessssessssssenensins 8-4
Table B-1: Summary of Sustainable Transportation at Benchmarked Airports.............ceimncivnnsssessssneranssensenns B-1
Table B-2: Summary of Mode Share at Benchmarked AIrPOIES.........oerrimrrisisnssssssssnssssssssssssssssessssssssssssssssssenns B-2
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Table B-3: Transit Connections Characteristics at Benchmarked Airports B-3
Table B-4: Characteristics of TNC Agreements at Benchmarked Airports... B-3
Table B-5: Environmental Standards, Operating Requirements, and Regulations Affecting TNCs at
BeNChMarked AIMDOITS«o.oo sieseassrsssesmesssresssessessssesssssnsssessesessecsassss B-4
Table B-6: Ground Transportation Providers Trip Fees at Benchmarked AirpOrts.......ceevccerseceecsennccermecss B-5
Table B-7: Complex stakeholder management to develop Taxi Management System ..........rccerecenmenes B-6
Table C-1 (1 of 5): Level 1 Strategy Evaluation Spreadsheet (All Strategies) Cc-2
Table C-1 (2 of 5): Level 1 Strategy Evaluation Spreadsheet (All Strategies) .........rarecrnessmecresnecermecsesnesC-3
Table C-1 (3 of 5): Level 1 Strategy Evaluation Spreadsheet (All Strategies) ..C-4
Table C-1 (4 of 5); Level 1 Strategy Evaluation Spreadsheet (All Strategies) C-5
Table C-1 (5 of 5): Level 1 Strategy Evaluation Spreadsheet (All Strategies) C-6
Table C-2 (1 of 9): Level 2 Strategy Evaluation Spreadsheet (Multiple Variations of Express Bus Service) ......C-7
Table C-3 (2 of 9): Level 2 Strategy Evaluation Spreadsheet (Airport ACCESS FEES).....wcmeenermrereusecesnssersenneC-8
Table C-4 (3 of 9): Level 2 Strategy Evaluation Spreadsheet (Information/Promaotion of Transit) ........cceeeeeeec-9
Table C-5 (4 of 9): Level 2 Strategy Evaluation Spreadsheet (Form a Transportation Management
Association) .........cc....... C-10
Table C-6 (5 of 9): Level 2 Strategy Evaluation Spreadsheet (Restructuring Employee Parking)........ccoccneeeee. C-1
Table C-7 (6 of 9): Level 2 Strategy Evaluation Spreadsheet (Public-Private Partnerships for First/Last Mile
COVETAGE) c.eeeereirerseseeseeeessnesaressesesssesssesssssssesssesanensssssecsesrarsasecs C-12
Table C-8 (7 of 9). Level 2 Strategy Evaluation Spreadsheet (Increase/Preserve King County Metro
RapidRide and Sound Transit Express Bus Service) C-13
Table C-9 (8 of 9). Level 2 Strategy Evaluation Spreadsheet (Ticket for Free Transit Ride/Ride-Free Area)....C-14
Table C-10 (9 of 9): Level 2 Strategy Evaluation Spreadsheet (Incentives for Ride Share and Transit Use) ...C-15
Table C-11 (1 of 3): Level 2 Strategy Cost Estimates Spreadsheet...emcees: C-16
Table C-11 (2 of 3): Level 2 Strategy Cost Estimates Spreadsheet... receriieermeececensarscenisesenieces C-17
Table C-11 (3 of 3): Level 2 Strategy Cost Estimates Spreadsheet... cnccrerreseeescesreeeseresessnenes C-18
Table D-1: Planning Level Market Analysis of Strategy 1: EXpress Bus SErviCe........cumeermmmreescrmmmensronsecnniasenonae D-3
Table D-2: Example primary market area benchmarks for Strategy 1: Express Bus Service......erereseennen. D-4
Table E-1: SUMMArY Of KEY SYSIEMI FATESco.ccseriessisressssesesssesssssssstsesvases ssa sssssssessmsassassssersssas sssessessnssasens E-1
Table E-2: Discussion Areas and Potential Data Need / Strategy........... ls E-2
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List of Exhibits
Exhibit ES-1: Enplaning Passenger Survey Results: Travel Mode (2017) ....cceimecernnrreronmeesssessesnnnnns EX-2
Exhibit ES-2: Overall Strategy EValUuation PrOCESS ........creeeneierrnrreriscesessiammecesimmmnssssisssssasssmsssssssssssssssisnassesssosssssnes EX-2
Exhibit ES-3: Results and Interpretation of Barriers to Light Rail Survey certs sen series EX-3
Exhibit ES-4: Flowchart of Stakeholder Outreach Process ........c...... corresraeares EX-4
Exhibit 1-1: Enplaning Passenger Survey Results: Travel Mode (20717) ccmcesssesssssesssssssssssssssssanns 1-2
Exhibit 1-2: Enplaning Passenger Survey Results: Travel Mode Trends (2014 t0 2017).ocrcnrrrnserrensresnenenne 1-2
Exhibit 1-3: Ground Transportation Access Plan's Categorization within the Port of Seattle's Advanced
Planning ...cceeeerereneesessensessessssessnssssssesssnns - reer ens 1-4
Exhibit 2-1: Flowchart of Stakeholder Outreach Process... rere esrniaens 2-2
Exhibit 3-1: Examples of Progression of Living Wage Increases by City cere iensssenii seen 3-4
Exhibit 3-2: View of Taxi Staging Area and Curbside at Copenhagen Airport... meinen consessnesisesesnns 3-8
Exhibit 4-1: Comparison of Annual INCOMES......cwvcorerrionerimnrrinnnnns cerreeere seerssensesneasees 4-2
Exhibit 4-2: Comparison of Annual NUMber Of AIrPOrt THIPScc... reinsesrissseeessiessesssasesssssssssssssssssssossssaneses 4-2
Exhibit 4-3: Comparison of Ground Transportation MOA Share...sssesssessssssssssssssssnses 4-3
Exhibit 4-4: Trip PUrPOSE aNd RESIAENCY ..vveveeerrerreereirnesissesisresinesissesssssnsssssssessesssssssasssesssssssasssssssessssssssssssenssssssasssssssans 4-4
Exhibit 4-5: Examples of Trip Origins to Seattle-Tacoma International Airport ........cmnicnmrnssnsssisssenns 4-5
Exhibit 4-6: High-Occupancy Vehicle Service Example — Los Angeles International Airport Flyaway Bus.......... 4-6
Exhibit 4-7: High-Occupancy Vehicle Service Example — Boston Logan International Airport Express Bus.......4-7
Exhibit 4-8: Environmental IMPact DY MOGE......ornrnrissssssssnrssisrssessrssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssassssssssessssssns4-9
Exhibit 4-9: Hierarchy of Ground Access Mode Choices...... i. correereamisseenia sssiiae nes 4-10
Exhibit 5-1: Current Transit Network Near the AIrPOrt rireeeeissesemssmsresssssesssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssasases 5-2
Exhibit 5-2: Current (left) and Future (right) Transit CONNECHIONS ........oreeoeeriiesirensesseressssssssssssenssssssssssssssasssens 5-4
Exhibit 5-3: Sound Transit 2014 LONG-RANGE PAN ...c..coirerimmereeniinenrinesssereessssssssessaseessssnsssssssssasssssssssssssssssmssssssssnssssanases 5-7
Exhibit 5-4: Summary of Perceived Barriers to Light Rail Use Based on Recent Passenger Survey .........o.... 5-8
Exhibit 5-5: Existing and Future Sound Transit Light Rail NEtWOTK ........mermmerrmimesiisensesonsessessssssecssasessenss5-10
Exhibit 5-6: Light Rail Peak Demand and Enplaning Airport Passengers... i” 5-11
Exhibit 5-7: Light Rail Peak Demand and Deplaning Airport PASSENGETS..........cowmevreemminessssssssensssssesssssessssensas5-12
Exhibit 5-8: Map of Other Agency and City Projects near Seattle-Tacoma International Airport...5-14
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Exhibit 5-9: Trip Origins of Airport Employees ........eeeearereens 5-16
Exhibit 6-1: Comparison of Taxi and Transportation Network Company Trends at SEA......
Exhibit 7-1: Overall Strategy Evaluation Process...
Exhibit 7-2: Level 1 Strategy Screening Process..........
Exhibit 7-3: Level 2 Strategy Screening Process...
Exhibit 7-4: Proportion of Strategies by General Category .....
Exhibit 8-1: Timeline of Next Steps
Exhibit B-1: Terms of Use Document Developed for the CPH Taxi Management System..
Exhibit B-2: Screenshots of CPH Taxi Management System Forecast Tool...
Exhibit B-3: Balancing Supply with Demand in the CPH Taxi Management Forecast Tool
Exhibit D-1: Airport trip origins by ZIP code overlaid with Sound Transit network................
Exhibit D-2: Airport trip origins by ZIP code overlaid with King County Metro routes.........
Exhibit D-3: Airport trip origins by ZIP code overlaid with HOV/HOT lanes. .......ccoeecnercernnne.
Exhibit D-4: Airport trip origins by ZIP code overlaid with leisure traveler trips........ceu....
Exhibit D-5: Candidate Express Bus Service Sites (Defining Market Capture Areas)..............
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Table of Acronyms
ACRONYM/ABBREVIATION DEFINITION SECTION FIRST NOTED
IY autonomous vehicle 3.1
BOS Boston Logan International Airport 3.2.1
BRT Bus Rapid Transit 5.1.2
CPH Copenhagen Airport 33
DUB Dublin Airport 33
E-KPI Environmental Key Performance Indicator 6.1.7.1
EPS Enplaning Passenger Survey 1.1
ESFH Eastside for Hire 6.1.7.2
FAA Federal Aviation Administration 6.14
GHG greenhouse gas 3.21
GIS geographic information system 733
GT ground transportation 1.2
GTAP Ground Transportation Access Plan 1.1
HOV high-occupancy vehicle 3.1
KCM King County Metro 12
LAX Los Angeles International Airport 431
LGW Gatwick Airport 33
LHR Heathrow Airport 33
LOS level of service
MAP million annual passengers 33
PMT passenger miles traveled 4.4.1
Port Port of Seattle
PRR PRR Biz
SAMP Sustainable Airport Master Plan
SEA or the Airport Seattle-Tacoma International Airport
SD Service Directive
SFO San Francisco International Airport 6.1.7.1
) Sound Transit 1.2
TMA Transportation Management Association 3.1
T™S taxi management system 3.3.1.6
TNC transportation network company 1.1
TSA Transportation Security Administration 23
VMT vehicle miles traveled 44.1
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Executive Summary
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA or Airport) is one of the busiest airports in the United States, serving
almost 47 million annual passengers (MAP) in 2017. This activity is projected to increase to more than 60 MAP!
in the next 10 years.© The Airport has a major economic impact on King County and the Puget Sound region,
supporting $22.5 billion in total economic activity in 2017, according to the Sea-Tac International Airport
Economic Impacts study (January 2018).
To accommodate this projected increase in passenger traffic, the Sustainable Airport Master Plan (SAMP)
includes an ambitious capital improvement program centered around a major terminal expansion program and
associated landside improvements. It sets the stage for future development to accommodate increased
demand, but doing so in a way that ensures long-term sustainability of this critical element of the Puget Sound
economic fabric.
In 2017, the Port of Seattle commissioned this Ground Transportation Access Plan (GTAP) to advance efficient
and sustainable transportation modes, including consideration of equity while also addressing traffic congestion
on the airport curbs and roadways. It is a key objective of the Port to foster equity, both from a consumer-
options perspective and a desire to support quality “living wage” jobs perspective. The underlying purpose of
the GTAP Study is to assist the Airport and the Puget Sound region identify strategies that foster shifts in the
way Airport customers and the workforce think about Airport access; strategies that will affect a person's mode
choice in favor of longer-term sustainable options, while being sensitive to established equity and producing
measurable benefits at a reasonable cost.
A major contributor to traffic congestion is a heavy reliance on low-occupancy modes of transportation to
access the airport. According to the most recent passenger survey (conducted quarterly by Port staff) and as
reflected on Exhibit ES-1, almost 80% of originating passengers arrive at the Airport via low-occupancy modes,
including private vehicles, rental cars, taxis, limousines, and vehicles associated with transportation network
companies (TNCs) such as Uber or Lyft. This ongoing reliance on single- or low-occupancy modes of
transportation to the Airport perpetuates several burdens, ranging from Airport Expressway congestion to
Airport curbside congestion and environmental pollution. Addressing this congestion in a constrained
environment by simply building more roadway facilities becomes financially and environmentally unsustainable.
' MAP
— million annual passengers
"FAA Terminal Area Forecast (TAF), https//www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation/taf (accessed January 24, 2018).
Ground Transportation Access Plan Study
[EX-1]
SEATTLE-TACOMA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUGUST 20, 2018
[FINAL]
This is a significant issue that challenges most major metropolitan areas in the United States, even if the airport
has been adequately served by higher-occupancy forms of transportation for decades.
Exhibit ES-1: Enplaning Passenger Survey Results: Travel Mode (2017)
40% 38%
35% Il High-occupancy mode
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
NOTE: 1/ Other includes bicycle.
SOURCES: Business Intelligence, Enplaning Passenger Survey, January 2018, Ricondo & Associates, Inc, February 2018 (Analysis).
Overview of GTAP Study Methodology
The GTAP Study process included five general components, as illustrated on Exhibit ES-2 and described in the
following paragraphs.
Exhibit ES-2: Overall Strategy Evaluation Process
Generation |EI] Level 2 SaainaEiaAel
(Ile LEE List ofiInitial SACRE Screening: Recommendations
Stakeholder NEI ES Qualitative Quantitative and frade-offs
Outreach Evaluation Analysis
SOURCE: Ricondo & Associates, Inc, March 2018 (Analysis).
Ground Transportation Access Plan Study
[EX-2]
SEATTLE-TACOMA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUGUST 20, 2018
[FINAL]
The GTAP Study began with a series of meetings with Port staff, stakeholders, and regional transportation
agencies to gain a contextual understanding of transportation issues and trends in the Puget Sound region, and
how they impact the Airport. This component of the study also included data collection to quantify regional
transportation trends, information gathering about ongoing Airport development programs, research of
regional transportation programs and initiatives (existing services as well as future planned improvements), and
benchmarking airports with comparable activity levels and service offerings to identify trends and best practices
as they relate to airport access.
Simultaneous to this information gathering phase, the GTAP Study team was assessing mode choice and mode
shift trends as they relate to the Airport and the entire Puget Sound region. While it may be possible to reliably
predict if a certain strategy or policy will affect mode choice in a “positive” or “negative” way, it is very
challenging to predict or quantify "how positive” or "how negative” the impact of a strategy will be in terms of
how many passengers will change behavior. This challenge is increased when considering rapidly emerging
trends where there is very little historical data to assess consumer preferences. [For example, Transportation
Network Companies (TNCs) like Uber or Lyft emerged only 2-3 years ago and grew from escorting zero
passengers to the Airport to almost 1.3 million passengers in 2017 according to the Port of Seattle’s Ground
Transportation Monthly Activity Report. Similarly, it is difficult to predict what impact driverless vehicles may
have in the coming years.] Exhibit ES-3 illustrates many of the perceived barriers that passengers face when
making decisions about mode choice, particularly as they relate to the option of using transit.
Exhibit ES-3: Results and Interpretation of Barriers to Light Rail Survey
Barrier to using transit (barrier score) Barrier score
Travel time vs. car [EEE 24 Interpreting Barrier scores:
Need to transfer [0] 14 “Barrier scores” indicate the relative
influence of each factor. For example, the
Service frequency [IT 13
travel time factor with a barrier score of 24
Service reliability [I 12 was six times more likely to be selected as
the largest barrier than the covered
Handling luggage [IIE10 walkway from the Airport station to
Outdoor walk to transit terminal.
EE
station
Behavior of other transit
passengers LL
Likelihood of rain [I 4
Covered walk from
I 4
Airport station to terminal
Ticket cost [I 2
SOURCE: Business Intelligence, Light Rail Barrier Survey, Port of Seattle, November 2016
Ground Transportation Access Plan Study
[EX-3}
| SEATTLE-TACOMA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUGUST 20, 2018
[FINAL]
As the GTAP Study progressed, the GTAP Study Team and Port leadership conducted a series of meetings and
workshops with Airport staff and tenant employees, local and regional transportation agencies, and key airport
users/stakeholders (e.g., TNC, taxi and commercial ground transportation operators). The purpose and timeline
of these meetings are summarized on Exhibit ES-4. Detailed results of the meetings, workshops, and surveys
are presented in appendices of this document.
Exhibit ES-4: Flowchart of Stakeholder Outreach Process
-
PROJECT PORT INITIATIVES SOUND TRANSIT GTAP STATUS — LEVEL 1 STRATEGY
KICK-OFF COORDINATION - AND KING COUNTY PORT LEADERSHIP EVAL WORKSHOP
(i.e. EQUITY AND METRO
ACCESSIBILITY)
DATA.COLLECTION = 2. ANALYSIS AND FEEDBACK 3. STRATEGIES
COMMISSION AIRPORT GROUND COMMISSIONER COMMISSIONER
EQUITY PRINCIPLES WORKFORCE TRANSPORTATION 2:2:1'8* 2:2:1'S & PORT
WORKSHOP SURVEY PROVIDERS LEADERSHIP
® O = ® 6
&@ Port Staff Outreach ® Commission/Staff Workshops Workforce Survey o Agency/City Outieach (= Ground Transportation Operator OQutieach
* Briefing with former Commissioners Albro and Creighton
SOURCE: PRR Biz, February 2018 (Analysis); Ricondo & Associates, Inc, March 2018 (Analysis).
These workshops led to the identification of more than 60 potential strategies to fulfil/foster the user changes
required to achieve the stated goals and objectives of the GTAP Study. These potential strategies are detailed
in appendices of this report.
The Ricondo Team organized/condensed the strategies by classifying them into one of four target audiences
that each would impact, as well as identifying the key mode(s) that would be affected. Further, the Team
evaluated the strategies through a two-step screening process, illustrated on Exhibit ES-5 and Exhibit ES-6. In
the first level of screening (Exhibit ES-5), each strategy was scored using principles/goals that reflect the purpose
of the GTAP Study and the Port Century Agenda goals. In the second level of screening (Exhibit ES-6), the team
relied on industry research and professional judgement to quantitatively assess the strategy’s potential impact
on metrics such as mode shift, vehicle miles traveled, greenhouse gas emissions, capital investment
requirements, and operating costs. Equity principles were also assessed, including economic equity,
environmental equity, regional access and operational equity, and social equity.
Ground Transportation Access Plan Study
[EX-4]
SEATTLE-TACOMA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUGUST 20, 2018
[FINAL]
Exhibit ES-5: Level 1 Strategy Screening Process
CAVE Summary of
Screening mmendation
Classification MCLG)
Worksheet Tool
«= Who: Passengers,
Evaluation of
input Employees
« Mode: Private vehicle, Principles/Goals
rail, bus, TNC, Airporter, . Social
Eee
* Environmental
Initial
Strategies * Economic
* Regional Access
and Operations Output
+ Consumer
List of
Options
Refined
» Fiscal Impacts
* Strategies
* Commute Trip Reduction Century Agenda
* land Use/Location
* Parking Policy/Pricing
* Site Enhancement
* Transit System/Mode
Separate Out
Share Improvements
\
2
+ Contractual/Policy | List cost-effective strategies that are
2»
v not the focus of GTAP objectives;
these should be explored further in
the CTR Program
« Site enhancement strategies that will
be carried forward into other
infrastructure SD's
SOURCES: Ricondo & Associates, Inc, March 2018 (Analysis).
Ground Transportation Access Plan Study
{EX-5]
SEATTLE-TACOMA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUGUST 20, 2018
[FINAL]
Exhibit ES-6: Level 2 Strategy Screening Process
EVE
Screening
Identification of impacts: Output
HAT ITRS
Summary.Handoutiwith: ii
*
N Mode Share Changes Evaluation)Matrix
(iE of * Operating Costs
Refined / + (Capital Costs }
Strategies + Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Summary of
+ Greenhouse Gases (GHG) principles Gests
= Equity Screening + Strategy Description
» Primary Benefits
» Primary Drawbacks
» Other Considerations
(e.g., trade-offs, case
studies)
SOURCES: Ricondo & Associates, Inc, March 2018 (Analysis).
Summary of GTAP Study Recommendations
From this two-level screening/evaluation process, several recommendations and feasible strategies
emerged. (Note, some of these strategies combined multiple items identified in the ground access strategies
workshops and stakeholder engagement process). The final recommendations and shortlisted strategies are
categorized as either being a Business Strategy or a Ground Access Strategy. These are summarized below in
Table ES-1 and Table ES-2, and detailed in Section 8 of the study. The detailed qualitative and quantitative
evaluation of the shortlisted (top 10) ground access strategies are provided in Table ES-3. In summary, should
all of the top 10 ground access strategies be implemented, the planning-level estimated aggregate impact is a
reduction of up to 10 percent of the Port-controlled greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) (with an estimated annual
reduction of up to 100 million vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and 42,000 tons of GHG, and potentially 2 million
single-occupancy vehicles off the road annually). It has been noted, however, that several of the strategies
require further detailed study prior to implementation, and the estimated cumulative effects will be influenced
by the ultimate combination of strategies actually implemented, and the success of those efforts.
Ground Transportation Access Plan Study
[EX-6]
SEATTLE-TACOMA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUGUST 20, 2018
(FINAL)
Table ES-1: Shortlisted (Top 10) GTAP Study Strategies
AFFECTED STAKEHOLDER(S)
STRATEGY DESCRIPTION NEXT STEPS
GT
Air Pax Work-
force Oper.
Muitiple Variations of Express Express service from park and nde lots in Conduct Port sponsored feasibility
Bus Service primary surrounding aty locations: secure study and Pilot program (scoping Vv v
parking. 30 m.nute service (Port, KCM. ST TBD) undervay)
Form a Transportation Member controlled, orgaruzations that provide Conduct Port sponsored feasibility
Management Association transportation services In a part cular area study
Dedicated staff to manage CTR pregrams for Recommend Fort to incorporate in
v
airport workforce including nde share Commute Trip Reduction program
matching. guaranteed nde home, transit
subsidies
informaucn Shanng and Distribute information about transit routes and Recommend Port to pursue
Precmoting Transit integrate promot ons/marketing during arrine stakeholder partnerships and
v
ticket purchase and check in additional advertising/information
sharing opportunities
Public Private Partnerships for Develop partnerships with ride share Conduct Port sponsored feasibility
First/Last Mile Coverage companies and regional agenctes to provide study with TNC comparues and v v v
first and last mile coverage regional agencies
increase/preserve King County Mare frequent service (assuming regional Coordination with regional agencies
Metro RapidRide and Sound agency sponsorship) {addincral study and/or travel Vv Vv v
Trans.t Express Bus Service Change pick up/drop off location demand modeling may be necessary}
Ticket for Free Transit Passengers and employees nde free on tnps Coordination with regional agencies
Ride/Ride Free Area from the Airport (additional study and/or travel v v
demand medeling may be necessary)
Incentives for Ride Share and Provide discounts at airport concessionaires or Recommend Port to incorporate in
Transit Use access to aiine club lounges for travelers with CTR program
transit pass, transit receipt, or verification of
v v
panticipaticn in Ricte Share program
Implement a parking "cash cut” program
managed by Airport TMA
Revenue structures Develop a financial model to estimate impacts Further revenue/financial analysis
anticipating Autonomous of AV adoption
v
Vehicles Develop recommendations for Port policies
and programs around AVs
Airpest Access Fees Consider establishing fee structure for vehicles Further revenue/financial analysis
accessing terminal curbs; consider legislative v
implications
Install gantries for electronic fee collection
Restructure Employee Parking Restructure complimentary garage parking to Further revenue/financial analysis
incentivize Ride Share and transit (paired with TMA and garage analyses
Implement a parking "cash cut” program findings) v
managed by Airport TMA
Subsidize ORCA passes (state CTR program
influences benefit)
NOTE Strategies are not in order of priority
SOURCE Ricondo & Associates Inc. June 2018 (Analysis)
Ground Transportation Access Plan Study
EX 7)
SEATTLE-TACOMA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
AUGUST 20, 2018
[FINAL]
Table ES-2: Recommended Business Strategies Summary
CATEGORY DESCRIPTION
Business Model Continue with hybrid model approach, with agreements awarded to qualified concessionaire(s)
Fiscal/Revenue Develop a financial model to asses:
What sort of structures might adapt well to future C/AVs
How changes to commercial GT rates may affect long-term SEA financial needs
How changes will affect cost per enplaned passenger
The extent to which a revised fee structure will affect the entire range of businesses: taxis,
limos, TNCs, courtesy shuttles, rental cars, and airporters
How changes to the rate structure will affect the Airport capital program and the ability to fund
long-term needs, including SAMP
Assess annual permit process for GT operators in lieu of per trip fees
Consider impact of a market-based competitively bid rate
Airport access fees
Potential for offering first/last mile coverage incentives
Employee parking ~ impact of potential restructuring
Technology Consider future installation of communication infrastructure to support C/AVs and airport
access mechanisms, including collecting data that supports incentivizing higher occupancies
Labor Harmony Labor Relations and Office of Social Responsibility continue to develop Port-wide Labor
Harmony Policy and community engagement plan
Number of Vehicles Establish fleet to balance supply against demand, while minimizing wait time, and optimizing
driver income
Environmental/Sustainability Continue Re-match program for TNCs
Facilities and Operations Use Bandwagon or comparable API to discount passenger fare while increasing driver receipts
Management Conduct feasibility study for forming a Transportation Management Association
SOURCE: Ricondo & Associates, Inc, June 2018 (Analysis).
Ground Transportation Access Plan Study
{EX-8]
ACCA INT IRLIAT
Table E53: of Qualitative and Q ive Analysis of (Top 10)
QUALITATIVE IMPACTS: EQUITY TRADE-OFFS eR
REGIONAL ACCESS &OPERATIONS
ESTIMATED
Social B1Ralidy ESTIMATED CAPITAL ESTIMATED SREEVHOUSEGASES ANTICIPATED
STRATEGY ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
© operaTING cos pevenue impacts
Multiple Variaticns of Express Bus Leltipte Variations of Expre:s Bus
Scnice BN oO Servke X X Oo
Ferm a Transportaticn O oO Form a Transpertation SID O
Management Awsorution (THA Management Associat rin (TMA Xx
Infoimaticn Sharing and : Stating und
Promoting ltanst BSH N/A Bs
Promoting Transit x x
Public frizate Partner beps for < Public Private Partneeshipy: for S NEN xX
First/Last Mile Coverage Furst/l azt bile Coverage x
Increase, preserve bang County Bs8 Intecaznipreserve Ki County BEE
Metio Rapicitide and Sound Lictra RupicRite and Sound IOH © xX 0
Team: Express Bus Serie Transit xpress Bus Serie
Tiehet for Free Tranzt Ride Rule « Ticket fer Free Vranst Ride Ride SN NE 0 x
Free Arey Free Arca
© Share and BS Fil eand
N/A 1 NE 0 xX
lran:it Use TransitUse
Revenue structures IRHGEILNg O flesenur strunture SBS NE 0 NN
Autcanmous Vehicles (AVS Autonomous Vehieles (AVS!
Xi NEE A“
Arpoit Access Fees AinpartAves: Feet
Restructure Emplogee Making Zz> Retiueture Enploges Parking SESE AE x NN
LEGEND
SCORE CAPITAL OPERATING GHG REDUCTION REVENUE IMPACT
Cost (TONHES/YR) (MILLION § ANNUALLY)
Vv $0 to 82m 2 10,000 Source (+)
oO $210 $10m 5,000 < 10,000 <$1m Loss ()
X >$10 <5,000 >$1mLoss()
SOURCE ficands bi Auecintes,
SEATTLE-TACOMA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUGUST 20, 2018
[FINAL]
1. Introduction
1.1 Study Objectives
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA or the Airport) is one of the busiest airports in the United States; it
served 46.9 million passengers in 2017. The Airport has a major economic impact on King County and the Puget
Sound region, in which it supported $22.5 billion in total economic activity in 2017.* The Sustainable Airport
Master Plan (SAMP) forecasts continued high passenger growth for the Airport. As a result, the Port of Seattle
(the Port) is seeking ways to reduce traffic congestion and air pollution at SEA, which has resulted in the
development of this Ground Transportation Access Plan (GTAP) Study.
The GTAP Study identifies several objectives, which include advancing transportation modes and programs that
foster equity from the consumer options perspective, as well as supporting quality “living wage” jobs. Other key
objectives include promoting Airport access via environmentally preferred modes and increasing the carrying
capacity on the ground access system. The strategy development process included a consideration of changing
technologies and trends in the transportation industry, as well as coordination efforts and partnerships with
regional transit providers and nearby communities. The GTAP Study will inform the Airport's ground
transportation business model, with an emphasis on contractual relationships, support of the Airport workforce,
and a focus on current and future ground access trends. These objectives guided the study and will help the
Port advance toward its “Century Agenda” goals.
As shown on Exhibit 1-1, and based on the most recent quarterly Enplaning Passenger Survey (EPS),
approximately 80 percent of all originating passengers arrive to the Airport via single-occupancy or low-
occupancy mode (e.g. private vehicle, rental car, taxi, limousine). Shifting passengers from single-occupancy
modes to higher occupancy modes, such as public transit and Airporters, should relieve some of the traffic
congestion and delays that passengers experience accessing the Airport. Exhibit 1-2 shows the travel mode
trends, which are based on results from three previous EPSs compared with the current year. Table 1-1 provides
mode share category definitions for SEA and illustrates the change in data definition within the EPSs. Noticeable
trends are the introduction and growth of transportation network companies (TNCs) and the decline of taxi
share at the Airport.
' Community Attributes, Inc., Sea-Tac International Airport Economic Impacts, January 2018
Ground Transportation Access Plan Study
1-1]
SEATTLE-TACOMA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUGUST 20, 2018
[FINAL]
Exhibit 1-1: Enplaning Passenger Survey Results: Travel Mode (2017)
[2] High-occupancy mode
NOTE: 1/ Other includes bicycle
SOURCES: Business Intelligence, Enplaning Passenger Survey, January 2018, Ricondo & Associates, Inc, February 2018 (Analysis)
Exhibit 1-2: Enplaning Passenger Survey Results: Travel Mode Trends (2014 to 2017)
35%
30%
59:6%50,6%
21
Private vehicle ~~ Rental vehicle TNC (eg Uber, LINKlightrail Shuttle Express Taxi Public transit bus
curbside Lyft)
D2014 © 2015 2016 ©2017
NOTE: Selected travel modes are only shown for data collected in the same category definition. Categories have changed across analysis
years; 100 percent of
modes are therefore not reflected See Table 1-1.
SOURCES: Business Intelligence, Enplaning Passenger Survey, January 2018; Ricondo & Associates, Inc., February 2018 (Analysis).
Ground Transportation Access Plan Study
(1-2)
ATTACHMENT 2 to Ground Transportation Policy Directive
Summary of the Ground
Transportation
Access Plan (GTAP) Study
July 6, 2018
1
Overview
• Port goals
• Study objectives & approach
• Current Issues
• Top 10 strategies
• Initiatives Already Underway
• Next steps
• Appendix
Presents study findings and next steps with technical details in Appendix
2
Port Goals
• Century Agenda
– Reduce Scope 3 carbon emissions:
• 50% below 2007 levels by 2030
• 80% below 2007 levels by 2050
• Reduce travel/processing time
– Max 45 minutes from clock tower
to post security
GTAP strategies designed to achieve Port goals
3
Study Objectives
• Increase access to high occupancy modes
such as transit
• Advance transportation modes and
programs to foster social equity and
customer choice
• Consider the financial/revenue impacts of
potential strategies.
GTAP objectives advance all three aspects of sustainability
4
Study Approach
• Conduct benchmarking research &
stakeholder outreach
– Identified over 64 transportation strategies
– Determined industry best practices
• Screen strategies to determine top 10
– Evaluation criteria: congestion relief, mode
shift, customer choice, feasibility,
environmental benefit and fiscal impact
Identify top 10 strategies to reduce congestion and advance sustainability goals
5
Current Issues
• Increasing roadway congestion
• Market disruptions
• Emerging ground transportation modes
• Social equity
• Environmental effects
• Infrastructure limitations
Anticipate increasing congestion as demand increases
6
Top 10 Strategies from GTAP Study
• Near-term Port initiatives:
– Multiple variations of express bus service
– Form a Transportation Management Association (TMA)
• Partner with regional agencies to incentivize mode shift:
– Information sharing and promoting transit
– Public-private partnerships for First/Last Mile Coverage
– Increase/preserve King County Metro RapidRide and Sound Transit bus service
– Offer ticket for free transit ride/ride-free area
– Provide incentives (e.g., coupons) for ride-share and transit use
• Further analyze:
– Revenue structures for autonomous vehicles (AVs)
– Airport access fees
– Restructuring employee parking
Each of the 10 strategies needs additional research and/or key partnerships
7
Top 10 Strategies
Affected
Strategy Description Stakeholder(s)
Air Work- GT
Pax force Oper.
Multiple Variations of Express Bus • Express service from park and ride lots in primary surrounding city
Service locations; secure parking; 30 minute service (Port, KCM, ST TBD)
• Member-controlled, organizations that provide transportation services
Form a Transportation Management in a particular area.
Association (TMA) • Dedicated staff to manage CTR programs for airport workforce
including ride-share matching, guaranteed ride home, transit subsidies
Information Sharing and Promoting • Distribute information about transit routes and integrate
Transit promotions/marketing during airline ticket purchase and check-in
Public-Private Partnerships for • Develop partnerships with ride-share companies and regional agencies
First/Last Mile Coverage to provide first and last mile coverage
Increase/preserve King County
• More frequent service (assuming regional agency sponsorship)
Metro RapidRide and Sound Transit
• Change pick-up/drop-off location 8
Express Bus Service
Top 10 Strategies (con’t)
Affected
Strategy Description Stakeholder(s)
Air Work- GT
Pax force Oper.
Ticket for Free Transit Ride/Ride-
• Passengers and employees ride free on trips from SEA
Free Area
• Provide discounts at airport concessionaires or access to airline club
Incentives for Ride Share and lounges for travelers with transit pass, transit receipt, or verification of
Transit Use participation in Ride Share program
• Implement a parking “cash-out” program managed by SEA TMA
Revenue Structures Anticipating
• Estimate impacts and timeline of AV adoption (revenue)
Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)
Airport Access Fees • Consider establishing fee structure for vehicles accessing terminal curbs
• Restructure complimentary garage parking to incent Ride Share and transit
Restructure Employee Parking • Implement a parking “cash-out” program managed by SEA TMA
• ORCA subsidies
9
Initiatives Already Underway
• Rematch program for TNCs
• Advance immediate GT recommendations (garage
utilization, re-match, entrance)
• Continuous Process Improvement exercise focused on
airport roadway congestion
• Widen arrivals approach
• SR 518 Corridor study
• Express Bus studies
Ongoing initiatives will significantly reduce congestion and some will reduce carbon
10
Next Steps
Planning Implementation
Top 10 Strategies
timeframe timeframe
Multiple Variations of Express Bus Service 2018 –2019 1-3 yrs
Transportation Management Association (TMA) 2019 1-3 yrs
Information/Promotion of Transit 2018 –2019 1-3 yrs
Public-Private Partnerships for First/Last Mile Coverage 2019 1-3 yrs
Increase / preserve KCM RapidRide and ST Exp. Bus Service 2018 –2019 3-5 yrs
Ticket for Free Transit Ride/Ride-Free Area 2019 1-3 yrs
Incentives for Ride Share / Transit Loyalty Program 2019 1-3 yrs
Revenue Structures Anticipating Autonomous Vehicles 2020 – 2021 5-10 yrs
Airport Access Fees 2019 –2021 TBD
Restructure Employee Parking 2019 – 2020 1-3 yrs
Most of the top 10 strategies can be implemented in 1 to 3 years
Thank You
12
Appendix
13
Benchmarked Airports
US AIRPORTS
San Francisco
Los Angeles
Boston Logan
Minn.–Saint Paul
Denver
Miami
NON-US AIRPORTS
London Gatwick
Dublin
Copenhagen
London Heathrow
14
Comparing Among Similar Airports
Transportation Mode SEA (2017) SFO (2017) BOS (2016)
Private vehicle 46%1 26% 34%
Rental vehicles and off-airport parking 23% 21% 11%
TNC 8% 30% 14%
Taxi 3% 5%2 10%
Limousine or town car 2%
Non-HOV Modes 82% 82% 69%
Shuttles/vans or other commercial buses 11% 13% 17%
Public transit/express bus/parking and ride 7% 5% 14% 2
(SFO)
HOV Modes 18% 18% 31%
1. Includes private vehicles parking, dropping off or passing through parking garage.
2. Includes limousines and town cars. 15
SEA Trends in Mode Share
45%
39%
40%
39% 38%
40% Private vehicles have
maintained a steady share
35%
30%
25%
20% 15%
16%
15%
13%
15% TNCs are taking market share from
taxis and potentially rental vehicles
10% 8% 8%
6% 6% 6%
5% 5% 5% 5%5%5%
4% 4 %
5% 3%
2%
1%1%1%1%
0%
0%
Private vehicle Rental vehicle TNC (e.g. Uber, LINK light rail Shuttle Express Taxi Public transit bus
curbside Lyft)
2014 2015 2016 2017 <20% pax access
airport via highoccupancy
modes
SOURCE: Port of Seattle Business Intelligence, Enplaning Passenger Survey (2014-2017).
64 Candidate Strategies Evaluated for
“People ● Profit ● Planet”
1. Reduce Traffic Congestion
Reduces traffic volumes, improves passenger throughput, and/or improves efficiency along the
Airport drive and curbside.
2. Support Customer Choice
Increases access to ground transportation modes to/from the Airport.
3. Influence Mode Share
Reduces percent of travelers using single occupancy vehicles.
4. Fiscal Impact to Sea-Tac
Potential revenue source or offset to capital investment versus the annual operating costs.
5. Reduce Environmental Impacts
Reduces greenhouse gases, vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and promotes mass transit.
6. Feasibility
Potential to implement/whether the strategy been successfully implemented in other locations, and
general comparative assessment of potential for positive ROI.
17
Top 10 Analyzed for Equity and Impacts
1. Qualitatively scores strategies for
equity principles
2. Quantifies environmental benefits,
capital costs, operating costs, and
revenue impacts
18
Defining Equity Principles
• Environmental: Minimizes disproportionate environmental impacts on
stakeholders
• Economic: Creates small business growth and workforce development in
and around the airport while minimizing financial burden of accessing
transportation options
• Regional access and operations: Provides more modes of transportation
to the airport
• Social: Eliminate barriers to equal opportunity for historically
underserved groups
19
Top 10 Strategies - Equity Trade-offs
REGIONAL ACCESS
STRATEGY ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL
& OPERATIONS
Multiple Variations of
Express Bus Service ✓ ✓ ✓
Tolling Curbside X ✓ ✓
Information / Promotion of Transit ✓ ✓ ✓ NA
Transportation Management Association
(TMA) ✓
Restructure Employee Parking NA X
Several strategies support three of the equity principles but none meet all four
20
Top 10 Strategies - Equity trade-offs (cont’d)
REGIONAL ACCESS
STRATEGY ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL
& OPERATIONS
Revenue Structures Anticipating
Autonomous Vehicles
Public-Private Partnerships for ✓ ✓ ✓
First/Last Mile Coverage
Increase / preserve KCM RapidRide and ✓ ✓ ✓
ST Express Bus Service
Ticket for Free Transit ✓ ✓ ✓
Ride / Ride-Free Area
Incentives for Ride Share/Transit ✓ NA NA NA
Loyalty Program
Several strategies support three equity principles but none meet all four
21
Trips per Mode
Fewest Vehicle Trips
Per Air Passenger
HOV: Transit & Shared-Ride
Transit, Scheduled & Courtesy Buses, Shared-
Ride Van, Airporters
Parked Vehicles
Long-Term Parking
Taxi, TNC, Limos
Curbside Vehicles
Up to 4 Vehicle Trips
Per Air Passenger Drop-Off Pick-Up 22
Quantitative Analysis – Measurable Impacts
• Capital & operating costs Grams CO2 / mile
– Estimated order of magnitude Private vehicle - curbside 21.10
• Vehicle miles traveled Limousine 20.82
TNC (eKPI compliant) 10.82
– Result of mode shift incurred
Taxi 10.24
• Greenhouse gas emissions Private vehicle - parking 10.20
– Result of change in VMT Rental car 8.79
Public transit bus 4.61
Shuttle Express 2.06
ST Light Rail 0.02
Strategies quantified to understand potential benefits and drawbacks
23
Quantitative Analysis of Top 10 Strategies
Estimated Capital Estimated Estimated Greenhouse Anticipated
STRATEGY
Cost Operating Cost Gases Reduced Revenue Impacts
Multiple Variations of
Express Bus Service X X
Tolling Curbside ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Information / Promotion of Transit ✓ ✓ X X
Transportation Management Association X
(TMA) ✓ ✓
Restructure Employee Parking ✓ ✓ X ✓
Key
Capital / GHG Reduction – Revenue Impact
Score
Operating Cost tonnes/yr (Million $ Annually)
✓ $0 to $2m ≥ 10,000 Source (+)
$2 to $10m 5,000 < 10,000 <$1m Loss (-)
X >$10 <5,000 >$1m Loss (-)
Most strategies perform well in two or more criteria but measurable impact requires combination of strategies
24
Quantitative Analysis of Top 10 Strategies, cont’d
Estimated Capital Estimated Estimated Greenhouse Anticipated
STRATEGY
Cost Operating Cost Gases Reduced Revenue Impacts
Revenue Structures Anticipating
Autonomous Vehicles ✓ ✓ ✓
Public-Private Partnerships for
First/Last Mile Coverage ✓ ✓ X X
Increase / preserve KCM RapidRide and
ST Express Bus Service X
Ticket for Free Transit
Ride / Ride-Free Area ✓ ✓ X
Incentives for Ride Share/Transit
Loyalty Program ✓ ✓ X
Key
Capital / GHG Reduction – Revenue Impact
Score
Operating Cost tonnes/yr (Million $ Annually)
✓ $0 to $2m ≥ 10,000 Source (+)
$2 to $10m 5,000 < 10,000 <$1m Loss (-)
X >$10 <5,000 >$1m Loss (-)
Most strategies perform well in two or more criteria but measurable impact requires combination of strategies
25
Top 10 Strategies Cumulative Benefits
• Potential cumulative benefit
– Reduce 100 million vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per year
– Reduce 42,000 tons carbon emissions per year
– Remove over 2 million single occupancy vehicles from the road
Strategies have potential to provide significant cumulative benefit
26
Transportation Management Association
Description: Form a Sea-Tac Airport Transportation Management Association (TMA) with
dedicated staff focused on Commute Trip Reduction and Transportation Demand
Management strategies, such as ridesharing/matching, preferential parking for van and
carpools, guaranteed ride home/emergency ride home program, and transit subsidy. Hold a
quarterly TMA open-house for employees to attend and gain information on available
commuting options.
Primary Benefits
• Provides employees with improved level of service and reliability for their commute.
• Encourages carpooling and ride sharing to access the Airport, reducing congestion
from single-occupancy vehicle trips.
• Supports workforce job satisfaction.
• Mitigates environmental issues, especially greenhouse gas emissions, because of
decreased single-occupancy vehicle trips.
• Expands the state-required program for having a Commute Trip Reduction Coordinator.
• There are very low (or no) capital costs.
Primary Drawbacks
• Limited potential for results (e.g. limited ability to reduce traffic congestion and air
pollution).
27
ATTACHMENT 3 to the Ground Transportation Policy Directive
Ground Transportation
at Sea-Tac Airport
September 25, 2018
1
Briefing Outline
• Ground Transportation Framework
• Ground Transportation Initiatives currently underway
• Ground Transportation Access Plan (GTAP)
– Objectives and approach
– Context
– Results
• Next Steps and Timeline
Port is implementing a range of ground transportation improvements and initiatives
2
Current Challenges
• Increasing roadway congestion
• Market disruptions
• Emerging ground transportation modes
• Social equity
• Environmental effects
• Infrastructure limitations
Anticipate increasing roadway congestion as demand increases
3
Framework
Guiding Principles • Framework provides clear guidance
about how to evaluate strategies
and tactics
Goals
• Illustrates extent to which an
approach achieves desired outcomes
Strategies • Applies to facilities, operations and
regional strategies
Tactics
4
Guiding Principles
• Consider overall environmental effects and reduce impacts
where possible
• Improve customer experience by reducing roadway congestion
• Support customer choice for a range of transportation options
to and from the airport
• Support living wage jobs and equal business opportunities
• Generate revenue to support region’s needs for a sustainable
airport, including leveraging existing infrastructure
Principles applied to GTAP strategies and consistent with study sessions
5
Goals
• Reduce 2007 scope 3 GHG emissions* 50% by 2030 (to 79k)
– 2017 Scope 3 GHG emissions*: 190,000 tonnes/year
• Max 15 minute travel time – clock tower to curb or parking
– Port data will be leveraged to track travel time
• Reduce private vehicle pickup/drop off to 30%
– Current mode share: 41%
• Achieve social equity goals (support living wages and equal
business opportunities)
• Ensure a first-class ground transportation operation for
customers through financial sustainability
*From passenger vehicles 6
Ground Transportation Framework
Guiding Principles Goals Strategies and Tactics
SAMP e.g. roadway relocation,
•Reduce •50% scope 3 Widen Arrivals Approach
environmental reduction
impact
•15 minutes tower GTAP e.g. first/last mile,
•Reduce roadway to curb access fees, express bus
congestion
• 30% private vehicle
• Support customer Operational e.g. rematch, TNCs on
pick-up/drop-off
choice Arrivals, garage utilization
•Social Equity
•Social equity
•Financial Contracts e.g. e-KPIs, driver income,
• Generate revenue sustainability Taxi, TNC, guaranteed min. wait time
for sustainable other GT
airport
Port policies provide guidance in all categories 7 7
Initiatives to Leverage Existing Infrastructure
• Continuous Process Improvement exercise focused on airport
roadway congestion – shifted TNCs to Arrivals Drive in a.m. peak
• Evaluate immediate GT recommendations (e.g. garage
utilization, alternate GT entrance)
• Express Bus/Eastside Baggage study
• Rematch program for TNCs
• Widen Arrivals Approach project
• SR 518 Corridor study
• Taxi RFP draft
Ongoing initiatives will significantly reduce congestion and some will reduce carbon
8
Ground Transportation Access Plan
(GTAP)
9
Study Objectives
• Increase access to high occupancy modes
such as transit
• Advance transportation modes and programs
to foster social equity and customer choice
• Consider the financial/revenue impacts of
potential strategies.
GTAP objectives advance all three aspects of sustainability
10
Study Approach
Conduct Research:
Identify benchmarks and existing conditions,
review regional transportation plans
Stakeholder Outreach
Data Analysis
Generate comprehensive list of
candidate strategies (64 total)
Level 1: Evaluate and rank candidate strategies
for GTAP goals. Identify top 10.
Level 2: Identify equity tradeoffs among top
strategies and quantify key metrics
Recommend strategies and
tactics for Port to explore
GTAP used systematic approach with robust outreach 11
Confirming Principles
Ground Transportation Commission
Access Plan (GTAP) Study Session (July 10th)
Improve regional access and
NA
operations
Reduce environmental impacts Environmental
Increase revenue Affordability/increase revenue
Support customer choice Increase customer service
Reduce traffic congestion Reduce congestion
Social: reduce barriers to opportunity for historically
Equity: protecting surrounding communities.
underserved communities
Economic opportunity for providers and contracted
Provides economic opportunity
organizations
Strong correlation between GTAP study screening of strategies and Commission feedback
12
SEA Trends in Mode Share
45%
39%
40%
40% 39% 38%
Private vehicles have
maintained a steady share
35%
30%
25%
App-based Technology Impact
20% 15%
16%
15%
13%
15%
10% 8% 8%
6% 6% 6%
5% 5% 5% 5%5%5%
5% 4% 4%
3%
2%
1%1%1%1%
0%
0%
Private vehicle Rental vehicle TNC (e.g. Uber, Lyft) LINK light rail Shuttle Express Taxi Public transit bus
curbside
<20% pax access via
2014 2015 2016 2017
high-occupancy modes
SOURCE: Port of Seattle Business Intelligence, Enplaning Passenger
Survey (2014-2017). Does not reflect total mode share. 13
Current Mode Split
Travel Mode % of Passengers
Private vehicle drop/pickup 41%
Airport Garage/off-airport parking 15%
TNC 9%
LINK Light Rail 6%
Taxi 3%
Public transit bus 1%
Other (charter, airporter, shuttle,
rental cars) 25%
Private vehicle drop off/pick-up is highest mode with public transit bus least-used mode
14
Consider Typical Airport Passenger…
• Extremely time-sensitive
• Relatively high income
o 48% earn > 100K/yr
• Travels alone (55%)
• Flies thru SEA
o 54% once or twice/year
• Trip origin
o 70% SEA origin/destination
Passenger travel motivations are different from average road/rail commuter
15
Barriers to using Link Light Rail
to and from the Airport
Barrier Score
Travel time vs. car 24
Need to transfer 14
Service frequency 13
Service reliability 12
Handling luggage 10
Outdoor walk to/from transit station 9
Behavior of other transit passengers 6
Likelihood of rain 4
Covered walk between airport and transit station 4
Ticket cost 2
Top 10 GTAP Strategies and Tactics
• Near-term Port initiatives:
– Express Bus/Eastside Baggage Service (feasibility study)
– Form an airport-wide Transportation Management Association (TMA)
• Partner with regional agencies to incentivize mode shift:
– Information sharing and promoting transit
– Public-private partnerships for First/Last Mile Coverage
– Increase/preserve King County Metro RapidRide and Sound Transit bus service
– Offer ticket for free transit ride/ride-free area
– Provide incentives (e.g., coupons) for ride-share and transit use
• Further analyze:
– Revenue structures for autonomous vehicles (AVs)
– Airport access fees
– Restructuring Port employee parking
Each of the 10 strategies needs additional research and/or key partnerships
17
Next Steps
• September 25, 2018: Commission briefing on ground transportation framework
and GTAP study
• October 23, 2018: Commission discussion/possible action on GT framework and
briefing on taxi service options
• November 13, 2018: Commission discussion/possible action on taxi RFP
• December 11, 2018: Commission request for design authorization for Widen
Arrivals Approach project
• January 30, 2019: Taxi RFP released
• June 30, 2019: Sign new taxi contract and 90 day transition for 10/1 start
• September 30, 2019: ESFH contract expires, contains holdover provisions and
two (2) optional one-year extensions
Coordinated schedule to move forward with multiple initiatives
18
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