IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
FILO FOODS, LLC; BF FOODS, LLC; )
ALASKA AIRLINES, INC.; and THE )       No. 89723-9
WASHINGTON RESTAURANT )
ASSOCIATION, )    EnBanc
)
Respondents/Cross-Appellants, )
)
v. )
)
THE CITY OF SEATAC; KRISTINA )
GREGG, CITY OF SEATAC CITY )
CLERIZ, in her official capacity, )
)
Appellants/Cross-Respondents, )
)
THE PORT OF SEATTLE, )
)
Respondent, )
)
SEATAC COMMITTEE FOR GOOD )
JOBS, )
)
Appellant/Cross-Respondent. ) Filed    AUG 20 2015
)
OWENS, J.-In 2013, voters from the city of SeaTac approved local
Proposition 1. That initiative establishes a $15-per-hour minimum wage and other
benefits and rights for employees in the hospitality and transportation industries in the
city of SeaTac. See ch. 7.45 SEATAC MUNICIPAL CODE. Opponents ofProposition 1

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challenged its validity under state and federal law. The trial court largely rejected
these challenges, with two exceptions. The trial court held that (1) under state law,
Proposition 1 could not be enforced at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport and
(2) federal labor law preempted a provision ofProposition 1 protecting workers from
certain types ofretaliation. We reverse both ofthese rulings. We hold that
Proposition 1 can be enforced at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport because
there is no indication that it will interfere with airport operations. We also hold that
federal labor law does not preempt the provision protecting workers from retaliation.
We otherwise affirm the trial court and thus uphold Proposition 1 in its entirety.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The SeaTac Committee for Good Jobs (Committee) is a coalition of
individuals, businesses, neighborhood associations, immigrant groups, civil rights
groups, faith organizations, and labor organizations. In June 2013, the Committee
circulated a petition to city of SeaTac voters that proposed a set ofminimum
employment standards for certain hospitality and transportation employers in the city
of SeaTac, including an hourly minimum wage of$15. After finding sufficient
signatures supporting the petition, the SeaTac City Council put the initiative on the
ballot.
Filo Foods LLC, BF Foods LLC, Alaska Airlines Inc., and the Washington
Restaurant Association (collectively Filo Foods) sued the city of SeaTac and City

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Clerk Kristina Gregg (collectively the City) to challenge the sufficiency ofthe
signatures to put Proposition 1 on the ballot. The Committee intervened in support of
the City. Thereafter, the superior court held that Proposition 1 could not go on the
ballot, but the Court ofAppeals reversed, Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac, 179 Wn.
App. 401,319 P.3d 817, review denied, 181 Wn.2d 1006,332 P.3d 984 (2014),1 and
the measure appeared on the November 5, 20 13, ballot. Voters approved Proposition
1 by a narrow margin. By its terms, it was scheduled to take effect on January 1,
2015.
Shortly after the election, the superior court allowed Filo Foods to amend its
complaint to include substantive challenges to Proposition 1, now an enacted
ordinance, and to name the Port ofSeattle as a defendant. The Port of Seattle is a
special-purpose municipal corporation that, among other things, owns and operates
the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport within the city of SeaTac'sterritorial
boundaries. In the amended complaint, Filo Foods alleged that Proposition 1 is
invalid on a number of grounds, including that it (1) violates the single-subject rule,
(2) violates the Port of Seattle'sjurisdiction over the Seattle-Tacoma International


1 This court stayed a petition for review in the ballot signatures case pending a final
decision in this case. Order Deferring Review, Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac, No.
90113-9 (Wash. Apr. 30, 2014). The issues relating to the sufficiency ofthe signatures to
put Proposition 1 on the ballot are thus not before the court at this time.

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Airport, (3) is preempted by federal labor and aviation laws, and (4) violates the
dormant commerce clause.2
Filo Foods moved for summary judgment on these challenges, and the trial
court granted the motion in part and denied it in part. First, the trial court determined
that Proposition 1 did not violate the single-subject rule. Second, the trial court held
that Proposition 1 violates a state law that gives the Port ofSeattle jurisdiction over
the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport and thus could not be enforced at the airport.
Third, the trial court held that federal labor law preempts Proposition 1's
antiretaliation provision, but that federal law did not otherwise preempt Proposition 1.
Finally, the trial court held that Proposition 1 did not violate the dormant commerce
clause. The Committee and the City sought direct discretionary review, and Filo
Foods sought cross review. We granted review and designated the Port ofSeattle as a
respondent.
ANALYSIS
We review a trial court'sgrant of summary judgment de novo. Lakey v. Puget
Sound Energy, Inc., 176 Wn.2d 909, 922, 296 P.3d 860 (2013). Summary judgment is

2 Filo Foods also alleged that Proposition 1 was invalid because it involves administrative
rather than legislative matters, conflicts with standing requirements, and violates the
subject-in-title rule. The trial court rejected these challenges. Filo Foods ultimately
sought cross review of all rulings against it, but neither it nor the Port of Seattle present
arguments relating to the subject-in-title rule, third-party standing doctrine, or the
administrative nature ofProposition 1. These issues are therefore regarded as abandoned.

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proper when "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and ... the moving
party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." CR 56(c).3
Filo Foods challenges the validity ofProposition 1 on several grounds. First,
Filo Foods argues that Proposition 1 is procedurally invalid in its entirety because it
violates the single-subject rule. We hold that Proposition 1 does not violate the
single-subject rule. Second, Filo Foods contends that under state law, Proposition 1
may not be applied at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. We conclude that
Proposition 1 can be applied at the airport because there is no indication that it will
interfere with airport operations. Third, Filo Foods argues that federal law preempts
Proposition 1, in whole or, alternatively, in part. We conclude federal law does not
preempt Proposition 1 in whole or in part. Finally, Filo Foods argues that Proposition
1 violates the dormant commerce clause; we conclude that it does not. Thus, we find
Proposition 1 valid in its entirety.
I.   Single-Subject Challenge
RCW 35A.12.130 provides in relevant part that "[n]o ordinance shall contain
more than one subject and that must be clearly expressed in its title." While no
judicial opinion has interpreted this statutory language, the parties agree that it

3 The parties dispute whether the proceeding before the superior court was a summary
judgment disposition or a bench trial that ended in a declaratory judgment. We conclude
that it was a summary judgment disposition. At the hearing, the trial court made clear it
was relying on the declarations submitted by various parties but not resolving factual
disputes as to the consequences ofProposition 1 on airport operations.

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appears to be an extension of article II, section 19 ofour state constitution. We
therefore consider our cases interpreting that constitutional provision.
In determining whether a bill, ordinance, or initiative relates to one general
subject or multiple specific subjects, Washington courts look to the provision's title
for guidance. When classifying an initiative to the people (as opposed to an initiative
to the legislative body), the operative title is the ballot title because "'itis the ballot
title with which voters are faced in the voting booth."' Wash. Citizens Action of
Wash. v. State, 162 Wn.2d 142, 154, 171 P.3d 486 (2007) (quoting Wash. Fed'nof
State Emps. v. State, 127 Wn.2d 544, 555, 901 P.2d 1028 (1995)). Contrary to the
Committee's contention, the ballot title includes more than the first sentence ofthe
ballot description. It "consists ofa statement ofthe subject ofthe measure, a concise
description ofthe measure, and the question ofwhether or not the measure should be
enacted into law." Wash. Ass'nforSubstance Abuse & Violence Prevention v. State,
174 Wn.2d 642, 655, 278 P.3d 632 (2012).4
A ballot title may be general or restrictive. When a ballot title "suggests a
general, overarching subject matter for the initiative," Wash. Ass 'n ofNeigh. Stores v.
State, 149 Wn.2d 359, 369, 70 P.3d 920 (2003), it is considered to be general and
"'greatliberality will be indulged to hold that any subject reasonably germane to such

4 To the extent our analysis in Washington Ass 'n ofNeighborhood Stores v. State, 149
Wn.2d 359, 368-69, 70 P.3d 920 (2003), suggested the operative title is limited to the
first sentence of a ballot measure, this suggestion has since been foreclosed. See Wash.
Ass 'nforSubstance Abuse & Violence Prevention, 174 Wn.2d at 655.

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title may be embraced,"'Amalgamated Transit Union Local 587 v. State, 142 Wn.2d
183,207, 11 P.3d 762 (2000) (quoting DeCano v. State, 7 Wn.2d 613,627, 110 P.2d
627 (1941)). Only rational unity among the matters need exist. City ofBurien v.
Kiga, 144 Wn.2d 819, 825-26,31 P.3d 659 (2001). Rational unity exists when the
matters within the body ofthe initiative are germane to the general title and to one
another. Id. at 826. In contrast, a title is considered restrictive '"wherea particular
part or branch of a subject is carved out and selected as the subject ofthe legislation."'
State v. Broadaway, 133 Wn.2d 118, 127, 942 P.2d 363 (1997) (quoting Gruen v.
State Tax Comm 'n, 35 Wn.2d 1, 23, 211 P.2d 651 (1949)). In other words, a
restrictive title is narrow as opposed to broad, specific rather than generic. !d.
Restrictive titles are not given the same liberal construction as general titles; laws with
restrictive titles fail iftheir substantive provisions do not fall "'fairlywithin'"the
restrictive language. Citizens for Responsible Wildlife Mgmt. v. State, 149 Wn.2d
622, 633, 71 P.3d 644 (2003) (quoting State ex rel. Wash. Toll Bridge Auth. v. Yelle,
32 Wn.2d 13, 26, 200 P.2d 467 (1948)).
Here, the ballot title to Proposition 1 stated:
Proposition No. 1 concerns labor standards for certain employers.
This Ordinance requires certain hospitality and transportation employers
to pay specified employees a $15.00 hourly minimum wage, adjusted
annually for inflation, and pay sick and safe time of 1 hour per 40 hours
worked. Tips shall be retained by workers who performed the services.
Employers must offer additional hours to existing part-time employees
before hiring from the outside. SeaTac must establish auditing

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procedures to monitor and ensure compliance. Other labor standards are
established.
Should this Ordinance be enacted into law?
King County Official Local Voters'Pamphlet, General and Special Election 94 (Nov.
5, 2013). "Other labor standards" includes a 90-day retention policy on successor
employers after a business acquisition or merger. SEATAC MUNICIPAL CODE
7.45.060. The trial court upheld Proposition 1 against Fila Foods's single-subject
challenge. We affirm in this respect.
We agree with the trial court that the breadth oftopics covered by Proposition 1
and the structure of its title are not appreciably different from the scope and structure
ofan initiative we recently upheld in Washington Ass'nforSubstance Abuse &
Violence Prevention. 174 Wn.2d at 665. The ballot title in that case indicated:
"Initiative Measure No. 1183 concerns liquor: beer, wine, and spirits
(hard liquor).
"This measure would close state liquor stores and sell their assets;
license private parties to sell and distribute spirits; set license fees based
on sales; regulate licensees; and change regulation ofwine distribution.
"Should this measure be enacted into law?"
Id. at 647 (quoting State ofWashington Voters' Pamphlet, General Election 19 (Nov.
8, 2011)). In addition to these specific provisions, the measure earmarked a portion of
revenue raised from liquor license fees for the funding ofpublic safety programs,
including police, fire, and emergency services. !d. at 650. Like the structure of

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Proposition 1, Initiative Measure No. 1183 indicated a general topic and then listed
some but not all of its substantive measures. Despite these more specific details, we
found the title was general, pertaining "to the broad subject ofliquor." !d. at 655.
And, although the public safety earmark'sconnection with the measure's liquor
privatization provisions was arguably tenuous, we found the earmark to be germane to
liquor privatization given the enforcement burdens the measure places on local
governments, and given the legislature'spast recognition ofthe relationship between
liquor regulation and public welfare. !d. at 657-58.
We similarly find that Proposition 1 satisfies the single-subject rule. Although
the title lists various provisions, it also states that Proposition 1 generally "concerns
labor standards for certain employers." King County Official Local Voters'Pamphlet,
General and Special Election 94 (Nov. 5, 2013). This language is sufficiently broad
to place voters on notice of its contents, including the 90-day worker-retention policy
imposed on successor employers. The retention policy concerns labor standards and
is reasonably germane to the establishment ofminimum employee benefits, including
job security. Proposition 1 survives the single-subject challenge. Moving to the
substance ofProposition 1, we next consider whether it can be validly enforced at the
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport under state law.



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II.  Application at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport
The trial court ruled that Proposition 1 could not be applied at the Seattle-
Tacoma International Airport because it would conflict with the Port ofSeattle's
jurisdiction over the airport under RCW 14.08.330. But we must try to harmonize
municipal ordinances with state law when possible; we will invalidate an ordinance
only if it "'directlyand irreconcilably conflicts"'with state law. Heinsma v. City of
Vancouver, 144 Wn.2d 556, 564, 29 P.3d 709 (2001) (quoting Brown v. City of
Yakima, 116 Wn.2d 556, 561, 807 P.2d 353 (1991)). Based on our analysis ofthe
statutory language, our prior case law, and the functional differences between cities
and special purpose districts, we conclude that Proposition 1 can be harmonized with
RCW 14.08.330 because the Port ofSeattle does not show that Proposition 1 would
interfere with airport operations. Therefore, we hold that Proposition 1 can be applied
at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport.
Statutory interpretation presents a question of law that we review de novo.
State v. Jacobs, 154 Wn.2d 596, 600, 115 P.3d 281 (2005). When interpreting
statutes, our goal is to effectuate the legislature's intent. Id. Ifthe statute'smeaning
is plain, we give effect to that meaning as the expression ofthe legislature's intent.
!d. Plain meaning is determined from the statute as a whole; we consider the ordinary
meaning ofthe language used in the context ofthe entire statute, related statutory
provisions, and the statutory scheme from which the language appears. Id. Ifthe

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statutory language is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, it is
ambiguous, and we may "'resortto extrinsic aids, such as legislative history,"'to
resolve the ambiguity. Burton v. Lehman, 153 Wn.2d 416, 423, 103 P.3d 1230 (2005)
(quoting Biggs v. Vail, 119 Wn.2d 129, 134, 830 P.2d 350 (1992)).
At issue in this case is whether Proposition 1 directly and irreconcilably
conflicts with RCW 14.08.330, the statute that gives special purpose districts (such as
the Port of Seattle) jurisdiction over airports. The statute provides:
Every airport and other air navigation facility controlled and operated by
any municipality, or jointly controlled and operated pursuant to the
provisions ofthis chapter, shall, subject to federal and state laws, rules,
and regulations, be under the exclusive jurisdiction and control ofthe
municipality or municipalities controlling and operating it. The
municipality or municipalities shall have concurrent jurisdiction over the
adjacent territory described in RCW 14.08.120(2). No other
municipality in which the airport or air navigation facility is located shall
have any police jurisdiction ofthe same or any authority to charge or
exact any license fees or occupation taxes for the operations. However,
by agreement with the municipality operating and controlling the airport
or air navigation facility, a municipality in which an airport or air
navigation facility is located may be responsible for the administration
and enforcement ofthe uniform fire code, as adopted by that
municipality under RCW 19.27.040, on that portion of any airport or air
navigation facility located within its jurisdictional boundaries.
RCW 14.08.330.
Thus, the first question is whether the meaning ofthis statute is plain on its face
or whether it is ambiguous. The Port of Seattle contends that the statute is plain on its
face. We do not agree. Reading RCW 14.08.330 as a whole, we find the statute's
"exclusive jurisdiction and control" language ambiguous. The statute provides that

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every airport controlled by a municipality "shall ... be under the exclusive
jurisdiction and control ofthe municipality ... controlling and operating it." Id. But
the statute continues, "No other municipality in which the airport ... is located shall
have any police jurisdiction ofthe same or any authority to charge or exact any
license fees or occupation taxes for the operations." !d. The Port of Seattle contends
that the "exclusive jurisdiction" language means the Port of Seattle has the sole and
undivided authority to regulate any matter that occurs at the Seattle-Tacoma
International Airport. It contends, "The City does not have the statutory authority to
regulate any matters occurring at [the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport]." Br. of
Resp'tPort of Seattle at 9 (emphasis added). However, reading the statute'stwo
sentences together, it is unclear what the legislature intended to grant the Port of
Seattle "exclusive jurisdiction and control" over. The statute does not say "any
matters." See RCW 14.08.330. Ifthe legislature meant for the Port of Seattle to have
"exclusive jurisdiction and control" over every conceivable matter that occurred at the
airport, then the statute's subsequent sentence, detailing that "[n]o other municipality
in which the airport ... is located shall have any police jurisdiction ofthe same or any
authority to charge or exact any license fees or occupation taxes for the operations,"
would be superfluous. '"[N]o part of a statute should be deemed inoperative or
superfluous unless it is the result of obvious mistake or error."' In re Det. ofStrand,
167 Wn.2d 180, 189, 217 P.3d 1159 (2009) (quoting Klein v. Pyrodyne Corp., 117

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Wn.2d 1, 13, 810 P.2d 917, 817 P.2d 1359 (1991)). By saying that municipalities in
which airports are located may not charge license fees or occupation taxes, the
legislature implied that there are matters that municipalities can regulate. Since the
statute is unclear regarding what exactly the legislature intended to grant the Port of
Seattle "exclusive jurisdiction and control" over, we find the statute ambiguous.
Our task, then, is to determine the legislature's intent. Jacobs, 154 Wn.2d at
600. The city of SeaTac contends that the legislature intended to give the Port of
Seattle jurisdiction over only airport operations, whereas the Port of Seattle contends
that the legislature intended to prohibit any city of SeaTac law or regulation from
applying at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. As described below, we reject
the Port of Seattle's interpretation because we find it, among other things,
incompatible with a special purpose district's limited powers.
Unlike cities, which are granted "the broadest powers of local selfgovernment
," RCW 35A.01.010, a port district is a special purpose district, which "is
limited in its powers to those necessarily or fairly implied in or incident to the powers
expressly granted, and also those essential to the declared objects and purposes ofthe
corporation." Port ofSeattle v. Wash. Utils. & Transp. Comm 'n, 92 Wn.2d 789, 794-
95,597 P.2d 383 (1979).
The legislature granted powers to municipalities that establish or acquire
airports in RCW 14.08.120. Among these powers is the power "[t]o adopt and amend

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all needed rules, regulations, and ordinances for the management, government, and
use of any properties under [the municipality's] control" and "to fix by ordinance or
resolution ... penalties for the violation ofthe rules, regulations, and ordinances, and
enforce those penalties in the same manner in which penalties prescribed by other
rules, regulations, and ordinances ofthe municipality are enforced." RCW
14.08.120(2).
The Port ofSeattle asks us to interpret this statute, in combination with RCW
14.08.330's grant of"exclusive jurisdiction," as a law that strips the city of SeaTac of
all police power-that is, all of its normal authority to regulate in the interests of
public health and safety-at the airport. But RCW 14.08.120(2) contemplates a
municipality using its normal rule-making authority and procedures to enact and
enforce airport-specific rules, and the Port of Seattle'snormal authority does not
include the exercise ofgeneral police powers. Outside the airport context, a port
district'srule-making authority is subordinate to the authority ofthe municipality
within which it is situated. RCW 53.08.220(1). While any port district "may
formulate all needful regulations for the use ... of any properties or facilities owned
or operated by it," those regulations "must conform to and be consistent with the
ordinances ofthe city or town" in which the district is located. !d.
This statutory scheme reflects a fundamental difference between the powers of
a special purpose district, like the Port of Seattle, and those of a city, town, or county.

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To interpret RCW 14.08.120 and .330 in the manner the Port ofSeattle suggests, we
would have to conclude that the legislature intended the Revised Airports Act, chapter
14.08 RCW, to deprive the city of SeaTac ofall its police powers at the airport, even
though the Port of Seattle lacks the authority to fill this regulatory gap through its
normal rule-making authority. We decline to interpret the Revised Airports Act so
broadly.
Although the language ofRCW 14.08.330 plainly denies the city of SeaTac
some authority, the overall statutory scheme and the purposes underlying the Revised
Airports Act suggest that RCW 14.08.330 denies the city of SeaTac authority over
airport operations and the subject ofaeronautics, as opposed to "any matters
occurring at [the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport]." Br. ofResp'tPort of Seattle
at 9 (emphasis added).
The legislature expressly instructed that the purpose ofthe statutory scheme is
to ensure uniformity in the laws regarding aeronautics. RCW 14.08.340.
Additionally, the law detailing the specific powers ofmunicipalities operating
airports, RCW 14.08.120(1), provides that a municipality may establish a board
responsible for "the construction, enlargement, improvement, maintenance,
equipment, operation, and regulation [ofthe airport or other air navigation facility]."
These aspects ofthe statutory scheme lead us to conclude that the legislature intended
to vest authority for the operation ofthe airport exclusively with the Port of Seattle,

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but not to prohibit a local municipality like the city of SeaTac from regulating for the
general welfare in a manner unrelated to airport operations.
Our interpretation is supported by our case law indicating that the purpose of
the statutory scheme is to preclude local municipalities "from interfering with respect
to the operation ofthe Seattle-Tacoma airport." King County v. Port ofSeattle, 37
Wn.2d 338, 348,223 P.2d 834 (1950) (addressing whether local municipalities can
impose license fees). In that case, we considered a separate-but related-issue:
whether King County could impose a licensing fee on taxicabs operating at the
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. We looked to the statute's specific limitation
regarding the ability oflocal municipalities to impose license fees and held that King
County could not impose a fee because the statute provides that "'no other
municipality in which such airport or air navigation facility [is located] shall have any
police jurisdiction ofthe same or any authority to charge or exact any license fees.'"
Id. at 346-47 (alteration in original) (quoting REM. REV. STAT.  2722-44 (Supp.
1945) (codified as amended at RCW 14.08.330)). We explained that "[t]he effect of
this section, when read in the light ofthe entire revised airports act, is merely to
preclude [King County]from interfering with respect to the operation ofthe Seattle-
Tacoma airport and forbids [King County from] exacting any license fees." Id. at 348
(emphasis added).


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While that case was focused on the more specific limitation on license fees, this
language represents a commonsense interpretation ofthe legislature's intent,
particularly its grant ofjurisdiction. Looking at the statutory scheme overall, we
conclude that the legislature intended to give the Port of Seattle exclusive jurisdiction
over the operation ofthe Seattle-Tacoma International Airport: specifically "the
construction, enlargement, improvement, maintenance, equipment, operation, and
regulation" ofthe airport. RCW 14.08.120(1). Here, Proposition 1 has nothing to do
with airport operations or the subject ofaeronautics. In addition, the Port of Seattle
does not show that Proposition 1 would interfere with airport operations. As a result,
we conclude that Proposition 1 can be enforced at the Seattle-Tacoma International
Airport without violating RCW 14.08.330.
The dissent asserts that the provision ofRCW 14.08.330 related to the
administration and enforcement oflocal fire codes "disproves" our interpretation of
the statute. Dissent at 6. It asserts that "[i]fthe legislature intended the operating
municipality's exclusive jurisdiction to be over only [airport operations], why would
the legislature specify an exception from the operating municipality's exclusive
jurisdiction to allow the municipality in which the airport sits to enforce afire code at
the airport?" !d. at 6-7. The legislative history ofthe fire code amendment answers
the dissent's question. The house committee in support ofthe bill testified, "Seattle
has been enforcing its uniform fire code on the portion ofthe King County airport

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located within its boundaries, but their attorney feels they may not have this authority.
. . . This bill clarifies an ambiguity in current law." H.B. REPORT ON H.B. 139, 49th
Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 1985). That language shows that the legislature added the
fire code language because it recognized that the statute'sambiguous language called
into question Seattle'sability to enforce the uniform fire code. By adding in the
language, it "clarifie[d] an ambiguity."5 Id. Rather than disproving our interpretation,
the house bill reinforces our conclusion that the statute's language is ambiguous.
Our interpretation is further supported by the portion ofRCW 14.08.330 that
incorporates other state laws, including the Washington Minimum Wage Act, chapter
49.46 RCW. To the extent the Port ofSeattle'sjurisdiction over the Seattle-Tacoma
International Airport is "exclusive," its jurisdiction is still "subject to ... state laws,
rules, and regulations." RCW 14.08.330. As we have said before, that clause
subordinates the Port of Seattle'sauthority over the airport to applicable state law.
Port ofSeattle, 92 Wn.2d at 804. One applicable state law that we must consider is
RCW 49.46.120, part ofthe Washington Minimum Wage Act. That statute provides:
Any standards relating to wages, hours, or other working conditions
established by any applicable federal, state, or local law or ordinance
... which are more favorable to employees than the minimum standards
applicable under this chapter ... shall be in fullforce and effect.

5 Unfortunately, while the legislature recognized that the existing statute was ambiguous,
it chose to clarify only the provision related to the fire code. The ambiguity with regard
to other municipal laws remains.

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RCW 49.46.120 (emphasis added). Thus, state law sets the minimum wage in any
given location at the most favorable level to the employee whether by federal, state, or
local law. No party argues that the Port of Seattle is exempt from our state minimum
wage law. The Port of Seattle'sregulatory authority over the airport is subordinate to
all state laws, including the state minimum wage law, that require it to comply with
local minimum wage laws.
This argument regarding the Washington Minimum Wage Act was first
advanced by the Washington State attorney general as amicus to this court, and Filo
Foods argues that we may not consider new arguments raised only by an amicus. This
misunderstands this court'sauthority; while we generally decline to reach issues not
properly presented by the parties, "this court has inherent authority to consider issues
not raised by the parties ifnecessary to reach a proper decision." Alverado v. Wash.
Pub. Power Supply Sys., Ill Wn.2d 424,429, 759 P.2d 427 (1988) (citing Siegler v.
Kuhlman, 81 Wn.2d 448, 502 P.2d 1181 (1972)). This is especially true in a case
such as this where we are tasked with interpreting a statute. We read statutes together
to achieve a "'harmonioustotal statutory scheme ... which maintains the integrity of
the respective statutes."' Am. Legion Post No. 149 v. Dep't ofHealth, 164 Wn.2d
570, 588, 192 P.3d 306 (2008) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting State ex rel. Peninsula Neigh. Ass 'n v. Dep 't ofTransp., 142 Wn.2d


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328, 342, 12 P.3d 134 (2000)). That is because "[t]his court assumes the legislature
does not intend to create inconsistent statutes." Id.
Under Filo Foods'sreading, the two statutes would be inconsistent with one
another. RCW 49.46.120 mandates that the laws in any given location most favorable
to the employee shall be in full force and effect. That provision would be meaningless
ifthe Port of Seattle could trump such laws in airports it controls. RCW 49.46.120
does not carve out an exception for airports, and RCW 14.08.330 does not contain any
language indicating that the Port of Seattle'sjurisdiction and control over the airport
includes the power to trump local minimum wage laws. As stated above, that
provision precludes the city of SeaTac only from interfering with the operations of an
airport. The ordinance does not do so.
"Municipal ordinances are presumed to be valid." Heinsma, 144 Wn.2d at 561.
We must try to harmonize municipal ordinances with state law when possible; we will
invalidate an ordinance only if it "'directlyand irreconcilably conflicts'"with state
law. Id. at 564 (quoting Brown, 116 Wn.2d at 561). In this case, we hold that
Proposition 1 can be harmonized with RCW 14.08.330 as a matter oflaw. Absent a
factual showing that Proposition 1 would interfere with airport operations, the
proposition does not conflict with the Port of Seattle'sjurisdiction or ability to operate
the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Therefore, Proposition 1 can be validly
enforced at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport.

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Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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III. Federal Preemption
Separate from challenging the jurisdictional reach ofProposition 1, Filo Foods
challenges its substantive provisions on federal preemption grounds. It contends that
three federal statutes preempt Proposition 1 : the National Labor Relations Act
(NLRA), 29 U.S.C.  151-169; the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 (ADA), Pub. L.
No. 95-504, 92 Stat. 1705 (1978) (codified as amended in scattered sections of49
U.S.C.); and the Railway Labor Act (RLA), 45 U.S.C.  151-188. We hold that
none ofthose statutes preempt Proposition 1. We will address each statute in turn.
A. The NLRA Does Not Preempt Proposition 1
Filo Foods contends that the NLRA preempts Proposition 1 in its entirety, or at
least specifically preempts Proposition 1'sworker-retention provision and its
antiretaliation provision, SEATAC MUNICIPAL CODE 7.45.060, .090. The trial court
held that the NLRA does not preempt Proposition 1 entirely but does preempt the
antiretaliation provision. We hold that the NLRA does not preempt any aspect of
Proposition 1.
Two provisions in the NLRA establish substantive rights and prohibitions.
Section 7 protects an employee'sright to organize and bargain collectively and to
refrain from doing so. 29 U.S.C.  157. Section 8 prohibits certain "[u]nfair labor
practice[s]" ofemployers and labor organizations. 29 U.S.C.  158. The NLRA does
not have a preemption clause, but the United States Supreme Court has developed

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Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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case law concerning when the NLRA preempts state and local laws. The Court
recognizes two forms ofNLRA preemption: Garmon preemption and Machinists
preemption. See San Diego Bldg. Trades Council v. Garmon, 359 U.S. 236, 79 S. Ct.
773,3 L. Ed. 2d 775 (1959); Lodge 76, Int'lAss'nofMachinists & Aerospace
Workers v. Wis. Emp'tRelations Comm 'n, 427 U.S. 132, 96 S. Ct. 2548, 49 L. Ed. 2d
396 (1976).
Under the Garmon preemption doctrine, the NLRA'stext may affirmatively
conflict with and thus preempt a state or local law. "Garmon pre-emption forbids
States to 'regulateactivity that the NLRA protects, prohibits, or arguably protects or
prohibits."' Chamber ofCommerce ofUS. v. Brown, 554 U.S. 60, 65, 128 S. Ct.
2408, 171 L. Ed. 2d 264 (2008) (quoting Wis. Dep 't ofIndus., Labor & Human
Relations v. Gould Inc., 475 U.S. 282, 286, 106 S. Ct. 1057, 89 L. Ed. 2d 223 (1986)).
By contrast, under the Machinists preemption doctrine, the NLRA's text need not
affirmatively conflict with a state or local law, but rather the United States Supreme
Court has held that the NLRA's structure implies that Congress intended certain
aspects oflabor relations to remain unregulated. That is, preemption under
Machinists "forbids ... States to regulate conduct that Congress intended 'be
unregulated [and] left "to be controlled by the free play of economic forces.""' !d.
(quoting Machinists, 427 U.S. at 140 (quoting Nat'!Labor Relations Bd. v. Nash-
Finch Co., 404 U.S. 138, 144, 92 S. Ct. 373, 30 L. Ed. 2d 328 (1971))). "Machinists


22

Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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pre-emption is based on the premise that '"Congress struck a balance ofprotection,
prohibition, and laissez-faire in respect to union organization, collective bargaining,
and labor disputes."'" Id. (quoting Machinists, 427 U.S. at 140 n.4 (quoting
Archibald Cox, Labor Law Preemption Revisited, 85 HARV. L. REv. 1337, 1352
(1972))).
Filo Foods first argues that under the Machinists doctrine, the NLRA preempts
Proposition 1 in its entirety. Filo Foods contends that because Proposition 1 "imposes
onerous substantive requirements" that all "favor employees and are typically issues
negotiated in a collective bargaining agreement[,] [m]andating [the substantive labor
requirements] runs afoul offederal labor policy." Am. Answering Br. & Opening
Cross-Appeal Br. ofFilo Foods (Filo Foods'sOpening Br.) at 33-34.
The United States Supreme Court has rejected this type of argument. See Fort
Halifax Packing Co. v. Coyne, 482 U.S. 1, 19-23, 107 S. Ct. 2211, 96 L. Ed. 2d 1
(1987); Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Massachusetts, 471 U.S. 724, 747-58, 105 S. Ct. 2380,
85 L. Ed. 2d 728 (1985). In Fort Halifax Packing Co., for example, a Maine statute
required employers to provide a onetime severance payment to employees in the event
ofa plant closing. 482 U.S. at 3-4 & n.1. An employer challenged the statute,
arguing, as Filo Foods argues here, that the statute "intrudes on the bargaining
activities ofthe parties because the prospect ofa statutory obligation undercuts an


23

Filo Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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employer's ability to withstand a union's demand for severance pay." !d. at 20. The
Court rejected this argument, holding that
the NLRA is concerned with ensuring an equitable bargaining process,
not with the substantive terms that may emerge from such bargaining.
"The evil Congress was addressing thus was entirely unrelated to local
or federal regulation establishing minimum terms of employment." Such
regulation provides protections to individual union and nonunion
workers alike, and thus "neither encourage[s] nor discourage[s] the
collective-bargaining processes that are the subject ofthe NLRA."
Furthermore, pre-emption should not be lightly inferred in this area,
since the establishment oflabor standards falls within the traditional
police power ofthe State. . . . It is true that the Maine statute gives
employees something for which they otherwise might have to bargain.
That is true, however, with regard to any state law that substantively
regulates employment conditions. Both employers and employees come
to the bargaining table with rights under state law that form a "backdrop"
for their negotiations.... [T]he mere fact that a state statute pertains to
matters over which the parties are free to bargain cannot support a claim
ofpre-emption, for "there is nothing in the NLRA ... which expressly
forecloses all state regulatory power with respect to those issues ... that
may be the subject ofcollective bargaining."
!d. at 20-22 (some alterations in original) (citations and internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting Metro. Life Ins. Co., 471 U.S. at 754-55; Malone v. White Motor
Corp., 435 U.S. 497, 504-05, 98 S. Ct. 1185, 55 L. Ed. 2d 443 (1978)). We similarly
conclude that Proposition 1, which establishes a minimum wage and other employee
protections, "is not pre-empted by the NLRA, since its establishment ofa minimum




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Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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labor standard does not impermissibly intrude upon the collective-bargaining
process." Id. at 23.6
Filo Foods further argues that Proposition 1 is not a permissible minimum labor
standard because ofits waive-out provision. The waive-out provision permits
employers and employees to agree to waive Proposition 1'ssubstantive requirements,
but only "in a bona fide collective bargaining agreement." SEATAC MUNICIPAL CODE
7.45.080. This, Filo Foods contends, "upsets the balance ofpower between labor and
management by placing non-union employers in positions where they will be required
to recognize unions in order to avoid the Ordinance." Filo Foods's Opening Br. at 37.
Yet again, in Fort Halifax Packing Co., the United States Supreme Court considered
and rejected this argument:
Appellant maintains that this case is distinguishable from
Metropolitan Life. It points out that, unlike Metropolitan Life, the
6 Filo Foods suggests that even if some ofProposition 1's provisions are in fact minimum
labor standards that are not individually preempted, the trial court erred by "fail[ing] to
consider the cumulative effect" ofthe minimum labor standards. Filo Foods's Opening
Br. at 37. Filo Foods cites no authority for the proposition that several minimum labor
standards, though each in isolation is not preempted, work together in cumulative effect
to become preempted. Without such authority, Fort Halifax Packing Co. and
Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. require us to hold that the NLRA does not preempt
minimum labor standards, even when several such standards appear in one ordinance.
Filo Foods also suggests that the NLRA preempts Proposition 1 because it is not a law
"ofgeneral application and instead, targets those businesses, and only those businesses,
that are associated, either directly or indirectly, with air travel." Filo Foods'sOpening
Br. at 38. Such an argument is unavailing: "state substantive labor standards, including
minimum wages, are not invalid [under the NLRA] simply because they apply to
particular trades, professions, or job classifications rather than to the entire labor market."
Associated Builders & Contractors ofS. Cal., Inc. v. Nunn, 356 F.3d 979, 990 (9th Cir.
2004).

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Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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statutory obligation at issue here is optional, since it applies only in the
absence of an agreement between employer and employees. Therefore,
the Company argues, the Maine law cannot be regarded as establishing a
genuine minimum labor standard. The fact that the parties are free to
devise their own severance pay arrangements, however, strengthens the
case that the statute works no intrusion on collective bargaining. . . . If a
statute that permits no collective bargaining on a subject escapes NLRA
pre-emption, see Metropolitan Life, surely one that permits such
bargaining cannot be pre-empted.
482 U.S. at 22; see also Livadas v. Bradshaw, 512 U.S. 107, 131-32 & n.26, 114 S.
Ct. 2068, 129 L. Ed. 2d 93 (1994) (holding that the NLRA "cast[s] no shadow on the
validity" ofan opt-out provision for minimum labor standards). Consistent with
United States Supreme Court authority, we hold Proposition 1 is not preempted
because of its waiver provision.
Next, Filo Foods argues that the NLRA preempts Proposition 1 in its entirety
because labor organizations used the political process to achieve rights that they may
have otherwise achieved through collective bargaining. It contends, "Where unions
have tried to obtain certain conditions through collective bargaining and have failed to
do so effectively, a political body ... should not reach a solution for them." Filo
Foods'sOpening Br. at 35-36. We reject this argument. Even putting aside the labor
organizations' rights ofpetition and ofpolitical expression under the First
Amendment to the United States Constitution, the United States Supreme Court has
held that section 7 ofthe NLRA itself protects labor organizations' right to seek
substantive protection through the political process. Eastex, Inc. v. Nat'!Labor

26

Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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Relations Bd., 437 U.S. 556, 565-66, 98 S. Ct. 2505, 57 L. Ed. 2d 428 (1978) (holding
that "employees' appeals to legislators to protect their interests as employees are
within the scope" ofthe employees' right under section 7 ofthe NLRA to engage in
"'mutualaid or protection"'). We hold that the NLRA does not preempt Proposition 1
in its entirety.
We turn now to Filo Foods'spreemption challenges to specific provisions of
Proposition 1. Filo Foods first argues that under the Machinists doctrine, the NLRA
preempts Proposition 1'sworker-retention provision. SEATAC MUNICIPAL CODE
7.45.060. This provision applies to "successor employer[s]," id., which appears to
mean the surviving company after a business acquisition or merger.7 Under SeaTac
Municipal Code 7.45.060, successor employers have duties to retain certain workers
ofthe predecessor employer for a limited period oftime:
B. Retention Offer. Except as otherwise provided herein, the successor
employer shall offer employment to all qualified retention employees. A
successor employer who is a hospitality employer shall, before hiring off
the street or transferring workers from elsewhere, offer employment to
all qualified retention employees ofany predecessor employer that has
provided similar services at the same facility. Ifthe successor employer
does not have enough positions available for all qualified retention
employees, the successor employer shall hire the retention employees by
seniority within each job classification. For any additional positions
which become available during the initial ninety (90) day period ofthe

7 A "Successor Employer" is "the new hospitality or transportation employer that
succeeds the predecessor employer in the provision ofsubstantially similar services
within the City," and a "Predecessor Employer" is "the hospitality or transportation
employer that provided substantially similar services within the City prior to the
successor employer." SEATAC MUNICIPAL CODE 7.45.010(L), (I) (emphasis added).

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Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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new contract, the successor employer will hire qualified retention
employees by seniority within each job classification.
C. Retention Period. A successor employer shall not discharge a
retention employee without just cause during the initial ninety (90) day
period ofhis/her employment.
SEATAC MUNICIPAL CODE 7.45.060. The trial court held that the NLRA does not
preempt these provisions. We affirm the trial court in this respect.
Filo Foods argues that Proposition 1'sworker-retention provisions are
preempted under the Machinists doctrine because the "U.S. Supreme Court recognizes
a successor employer'sright to operate its business in the manner in which it best sees
fit" in terms of its hiring and firing decisions. Filo Foods'sOpening Br. at 40. But
the United States Supreme Court cases Filo Foods relies on do not support its
argument. These cases involved application ofthe National Labor Relation Board's
(NLRB) successorship doctrine, which holds that if, under the doctrine's factintensive
case law, the employer is found to be a successor, then the employer has a
duty to bargain with the predecessor'sunion. See Nat'lLabor Relations Bd. v. Burns
Int'lSec. Servs., Inc., 406 U.S. 272, 92 S. Ct. 1571, 32 L. Ed. 2d 61 (1972); Howard
Johnson Co. v. Detroit Local Joint Exec. Bd., Hotel & Rest. Emps. & Bartenders Int'l
Union, 417 U.S. 249, 94 S. Ct. 2236, 41 L. Ed. 2d 46 (1974); Fall River Dyeing &
Finishing Corp. v. Nat'lLabor Relations Bd., 482 U.S. 27, 107 S. Ct. 2225, 96 L. Ed.
2d 22 (1987). None addressed Machinists preemption or held that temporary worker-


28

Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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retention was a subject matter Congress intended to leave unregulated. The cases are
not particularly instructive to the issue at hand.8
Rather than being preempted under Machinists, we believe Proposition 1's
worker-retention provision fits comfortably within the category ofminimum labor
standards held to be valid under Fort Halifax Packing Co. and Metropolitan Life
Insurance Co. Just as the state ofMaine could require certain employers to provide
severance pay to employees upon their businesses closing, in Fort Halifax Packing
Co., the city of SeaTac may require successor employers to retain for three months (1)
"qualified" retention employees, (2) to the extent that there are "enough positions
available for all qualified retention employees," (3) unless there is "just cause" for
termination. SEATAC MUNICIPAL CODE 7.45.060(B), (C). Indeed, as section
7.45.060's qualifications illustrate, a successor employer in the city ofSeaTac has
substantial flexibility in avoiding the three-month retention period. We hold that

8 Filo Foods also argues that the provisions impose on an employer "a duty to bargain
that would not necessarily arise in the free market." Filo Foods's Opening Br. at 42. We
disagree. By its terms, Proposition 1 does not impose on a successor employer the duty
to bargain with employees after the three-month period elapses. Nor is there reason to
think that requiring an employer to retain employees for 90 days would in and of itself
trigger successor status under the NLRB's successorship doctrine (which would thereby
trigger the duty to bargain with the purchased company'sunion). Instead, the
successorship doctrine focuses in part on the acquiring company's conscious decision to
retain the purchased company's employees in order to find successor status. See Fall
River Dyeing & Finishing Corp., 482 U.S. at 41 ("Ifthe new employer makes a
conscious decision to maintain generally the same business and to hire a majority of its
employees from the predecessor, then the bargaining obligation of 8(a)(5) is activated.
This makes sense when one considers that the employer intends to take advantage ofthe
trained work force of its predecessor." (first emphasis added)).

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Filo Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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SeaTac Municipal Code 7.45.060 is a minimum labor standard that simply sets the
"backdrop" against which labor negotiations proceed. See R.I. Hospitality Ass 'n v.
City ofProvidence, 667 F.3d 17,32 (1st Cir. 2011) (upholding a worker-retention
ordinance similar to SeaTac Municipal Code 7.45.060 against a Machinists
preemption challenge) (quoting Fort Halifax Packing Co., 482 U.S. at 21).
Accordingly, it is not preempted under the Machinists doctrine.
Filo Foods next argues that under the Garmon doctrine, the NLRA preempts
Proposition 1'santiretaliation provision, SeaTac Municipal Code 7.45.090. That
provision states:
A. It shall be a violation for a hospitality employer or transportation
employer or any other person to interfere with, restrain, or deny the
exercise of, or the attempt to exercise, any right protected under this
chapter.
B. It shall be a violation for a hospitality employer or transportation
employer to take adverse action or to discriminate against a covered
worker because the covered worker has exercised in good faith the rights
protected under this chapter.
SEATAC MUNICIPAL CODE 7.45.090. The trial court determined the NLRA preempts
these provisions insofar as they create a '"supplementalsanction for violations ofthe
NLRA."' Clerk'sPapers at 1961. The court reasoned that "[t]hese provisions ofthe
Ordinance directly infringe on the NLRB'sexclusive jurisdiction under 8 ofthe
NLRA, which already makes it an unfair labor practice for an employer 'tointerfere


30

Filo Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise ofthe rights guaranteed in' 7." Id.
(quoting 29 U.S.C.  158(a)(l); NLRA  8(a)(1)). We reverse in this respect.
The NLRA does indeed preempt state or local laws that create supplemental
sanctions for violations ofthe NLRA. "[T]he Garmon rule prevents States ... from
providing their own regulatory or judicial remedies for conduct prohibited or arguably
prohibited by the Act." Gould Inc., 475 U.S. at 286. For example, in Gould Inc., the
United States Supreme Court held that a Wisconsin statute that prohibited businesses
that were repeat violators ofthe NLRA from doing business in Wisconsin was a
supplemental sanction for violation ofthe NLRA and was therefore preempted. Id. at
283. Proposition 1 creates no such supplemental sanction for violations ofthe NLRA.
Rather than providing an employee a remedy for illegal retaliation for exercising
rights protected under the NLRA, Proposition 1 provides an employee a remedy for
illegal retaliation for exercising rights protected under Proposition 1. The two are not
the same. Proposition 1 is self-contained. Ifan employer takes an adverse action
against an employee because the employee reported a minimum wage violation under
Proposition 1, the employer violates Proposition 1'santiretaliation provision. But in
this scenario, the employer does not necessarily violate the NLRA'santiretaliation
provision nor become subject to a new sanction for a NLRA violation. Proposition
1'santiretaliation provision is thus not a supplemental sanction appended to the


31

Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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NLRA but instead protects against retaliation for the exercise ofrights under its
provisions. We hold SeaTac Municipal Code 7.45.090 is not NLRA preempted.
B. The RLA Does Not Preempt Proposition 1
The trial court did not analyze whether the RLA preempts Proposition 1
because it concluded that an RLA preemption analysis would be the same as an
NLRA analysis, and it had already found that the NLRA did not preempt Proposition
1. Filo Foods, along with amicus Airlines for America, argue that the RLA and
NLRA preemption analyses differ because the RLA requires industry-wide unions
while the NLRA does not. It argues that this industry-wide union requirement usually
makes it difficult for a group ofemployees at a single airport to unionize, and that in
most cases a group of employees at a single airport would need their employer to
voluntarily recognize them in order to have a legitimate union. Filo Foods contends
that Proposition 1 forces employers to voluntarily recognize unions at SeaTac because
the only way for an employer to get out ofthe ambit ofProposition 1 is to negotiate a
collective bargaining agreement. However, Filo Foods'sargument is essentially a
reformulation ofthe argument we rejected in the NLRA context above-that
Proposition 1 "upsets the balance ofpower between labor and management by placing
non-union employers in positions where they will be required to recognize unions in
order to avoid the Ordinance." Filo Foods'sOpening Br. at 37. Like our conclusion


32

Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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above, we hold that the RLA does not preempt Proposition 1 and we affirm the trial
court.
The RLA was originally designed to prevent labor disputes from hindering
interstate commerce in the railroad industry, and Congress extended the RLA to cover
the airline industry in 1936. 45 U.S.C.  152; Act ofApr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat.
1189 (currently codified as 45 U.S.C.  181). The act itself states that it is the duty of
both employers and employees in those industries to
exert every reasonable effort to make and maintain agreements
concerning rates ofpay, rules, and working conditions, and to settle all
disputes, whether arising out ofthe application ofsuch agreements or
otherwise, in order to avoid any interruption to commerce or to the
operation ofany carrier growing out of any dispute between the carrier
and the employees therof.
45 U.S.C.  152. The act generally promotes collective bargaining and "sets up a
mandatory arbitral mechanism to handle disputes 'growingout ofgrievances or out of
the interpretation or application of agreements concerning rates ofpay, rules, or
working conditions.'" Hawaiian Airlines, Inc. v. Norris, 512 U.S. 246, 248, 114 S.
Ct. 2239, 129 L. Ed. 2d 203 (1994) (quoting 45 U.S.C.  153(i)). The United States
Supreme Court articulated the government'srole regarding the RLA as follows: "The
Railway Labor Act, like the National Labor Relations Act, does not undertake
governmental regulation ofwages, hours, or working conditions. Instead it seeks to
provide a means by which agreement may be reached with respect to them."
Terminal R.R. Ass'nofSt. Louis v. Bhd. ofR.R. Trainmen, 318 U.S. 1, 6, 63 S. Ct.

33

Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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420, 87 L. Ed. 571 (1943) (footnote omitted). Although the RLA and NLRA are
similar, one ofthe differences between the two acts, as Filo Foods notes, is that the
RLA requires employees to collectively bargain on an industry-wide basis. Summit
Airlines, Inc. v. Teamsters Union Local No. 295, 628 F.2d 787, 795 (2d Cir. 1980).
That minor difference notwithstanding, the RLA is like the NLRA for
preemption purposes, in that "substantive protections provided by state law,
independent ofwhatever labor agreement might govern, are not pre-empted under the
RLA." Hawaiian Airlines, 512 U.S. at 257. Thus, our preemption analysis is the
same as above. We hold that Proposition 1, which establishes a minimum wage and
other employee protections, is not preempted by the RLA. Therefore, we affirm the
trial court.
C. The ADA Does Not Preempt Proposition 1
The trial court did not analyze whether the ADA preempts Proposition 1
because it found that state law preempted Proposition 1 at the Seattle-Tacoma
International Airport. Filo Foods argues that the ADA preempts Proposition 1
because Proposition 1 "has the force and effect oflaw related to air carrier services
... and ... 'prices'... by dictating how much carriers must pay for the workers who
provide ... services." Filo Foods'sOpening Br. at 45. We hold that the ADA does
not preempt Proposition 1 because Proposition 1 is not sufficiently "related to" airline
services and prices.

34

Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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Congress enacted the ADA in 1978, "determining that 'maximumreliance on
competitive market forces' would best further 'efficiency, innovation, and low prices'
as well as 'variety[and] quality ... ofair transportation services."' Morales v. Trans
World Airlines, Inc., 504 U.S. 374, 378, 112 S. Ct. 2031, 119 L. Ed. 2d 157 (1992)
(alterations in original) (quoting former 49 U.S.C. App.  1302(a)(4), (9), recodified
as 49 U.S.C.  40101(a)(6), (12)). The ADA contains a preemption provision to
prevent States from undoing federal deregulation. 49 U.S.C. 41713(b)(1). Under that
provision, states "may not enact or enforce a law ... related to a price, route, or
service of an air carrier." !d.
The United States Supreme Court has interpreted that preemption language
broadly, holding that "[s]tate enforcement actions having a connection with, or
reference to, airline 'rates, routes, or services' are pre-empted." Morales, 504 U.S. at
384 (quoting former 49 U.S.C. App.  1305(a)(1), recodified as 49 U.S.C. 
41713(b)(1)9). Thus, even laws that affect rates indirectly could be preempted. See
id. at 386. However, the Court noted that not all state laws will be preempted.
"'[S]omestate actions may affect [airline fares] in too tenuous, remote, or peripheral a
manner' to have pre-emptive effect." !d. at 390 (alterations in original) (quoting Shaw
v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 463 U.S. 85, 100 n.21, 103 S. Ct. 2890, 77 L. Ed. 2d 490

9 Although Congress has amended the ADA since Morales by replacing the word "rates"
with "prices," that change does not alter our analysis. See 49 U.S.C.  41713(b)(l). Our
conclusion regarding preemption is based on more recent circuit court cases, as analyzed
below.

35

Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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(1983)). The Court in Morales did not draw the line for what state actions would be
too tenuous to have preemptive effect.
Although preemption under the ADA is broad, federal circuit court cases
suggest that the ADA does not preempt generally applicable laws that regulate how an
airline behaves as an employer, even though the law indirectly affects the airline's
prices and services. See DiFiore v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 646 F.3d 81, 87 (1st Cir. 2011);
Californians for Safe & Competitive Dump Truck Transp. v. Mendonca, 152 F.3d
1184, 1189 (9th Cir. 1998). In DiFiore, porters who provided curbside baggage
service (called "'skycaps'")at Logan Airport in Massachusetts sued American
Airlines over a $2-per-bag fee. 646 F.3d at 82-83. The skycaps contended that
passengers stopped tipping them because the passengers assumed that the $2 fee was a
mandatory tip rather than a charge paid to the airline. Id. The skycaps sued American
Airlines under a Massachusetts statute governing tips, arguing that the law required
the airline to give them any "'tip[s] or service charge[s]"' and that the bag fee
constituted "a 'servicecharge' under state law (and must therefore go to the skycaps)
because customers 'reasonablyexpect[ed]' it to be given to the skycaps." Id. at 84
(third alteration in original) (quoting MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 149,  152A(a), (b)). The
First Circuit concluded that because the tip law had "a direct connection to air carrier
prices and services," the ADA preempted it. Jd. at 87. The court reasoned that ifthe
airline wanted to avoid having the law "deem the curbside check-in fee a 'service

36

Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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charge[,]' [it] would require changes in the way the service is provided or advertised."
ld. at 88. The court recognized, though, that ifthe law merely regulated "how the
airline behave[d] as an employer," the ADA would likely not preempt the law, even if
the law indirectly affected fares and services. ld. at 87-88.
Likewise, in Mendonca, the Ninth Circuit held that a federal law that is
analogous to the ADA for preemption purposes (the Federal Aviation Administration
Authorization Act of 1994 (FAAA), 49 U.S.C.  1450)10 did not preempt California's
Prevailing Wage Law (CPWL), CAL. LABOR CODE 1770-1780, because it
regulated employer-employee relationships and only indirectly affected industry
prices and services. 152 F.3d at 1189. The CPWL "required contractors and
subcontractors who are awarded public works contracts to pay their workers 'notless
than the general prevailing rate ... for work of a similar character in the locality in
which the public work is performed.'" Id. at 1186 (alteration in original) (quoting
CAL. LABOR CODE 1771). Public works contractors sued the California agencies
responsible for enforcing the CPWL, contending that the FAAA preempted the CPWL
because the CPWL "related to" the contractors' prices and services. Id. at 1189. The
contractors argued that the law "increase[d] its prices by 25%, cause[d] it to utilize
independent owner-operators, and compel[ed] it to re-direct and re-route equipment to

10 The preemption provision states, "[A] State ... may not enact or enforce a law,
regulation, or other provision having the force and effect oflaw related to a price, route,
or service of any motor carrier ... with respect to the transportation ofproperty." 49
U.S.C.  1450l(c)(l).

37

Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
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compensate for lost revenue." !d. The Ninth Circuit rejected that argument,
concluding that the CPWL was not a law that directly regulated prices or servicesinstead
, it regulated employer-employee relationships, and its "effect [was] no more
than indirect, remote, and tenuous." !d. Thus, the court held that the FAAA did not
preempt the CPWL. !d.
We agree with the First and Ninth Circuits and hold that the ADA does not
preempt Proposition 1 because Proposition 1 regulates employer-employee
relationships and its affect on airline prices and services is only indirect and tenuous.
As discussed above, Proposition 1 establishes minimum wage and other employee
protections-it does not directly regulate airline prices and services. The fact that
Proposition 1 may impose costs on airlines and therefore affect fares is
inconsequential. As the First Circuit noted, holding that a state law is preempted in
that circumstance "would effectively exempt airlines from state taxes, state lawsuits of
many kinds, and perhaps most other state regulation ofany consequence." DiFiore,
646 F.3d at 89. Interpreting the "relate to" provision ofthe ADA so broadly would be
"a project doomed to failure, since, as many a curbstone philosopher has observed,
everything is related to everything else." Cal. Div. ofLabor Standards Enforcement
v. Dillingham Constr., NA, 519 U.S. 316, 335, 117 S. Ct. 832, 136 L. Ed. 2d 791
(1997) (Scalia, J., concurring). We refuse to adopt such a broad reading ofthe ADA's
preemption provision and hold that the ADA does not preempt Proposition 1.

38

Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
89723-9
IV Dormant Commerce Clause
Filo Foods'sfinal contention is that Proposition 1 violates the dormant
commerce clause. U.S. CONST. art. I, 8, cl. 3. The trial court rejected this argument.
So do we.
The United States Supreme Court has "long interpreted the Commerce Clause
as an implicit restraint on state authority" to discriminate against or place burdens on
interstate commerce. United Haulers Ass 'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Mgmt.
Auth., 550 U.S. 330, 338, 127 S. Ct. 1786, 167 L. Ed. 2d 655 (2007). The first
question under the dormant commerce clause doctrine is whether the state law
"discriminates on its face against interstate commerce." Id. "In this context,
"'discrimination"simply means differential treatment of in-state and out-of-state
economic interests that benefits the former and burdens the latter."' Id. (quoting Or.
Waste Sys., Inc. v. Dep 't ofEnvtl. Quality ofOr., 511 U.S. 93, 99, 114 S. Ct. 1345,
128 L. Ed. 2d 13 (1994)). "Discriminatory laws motivated by 'simpleeconomic
protectionism' are subject to a 'virtuallyper se rule ofinvalidity,' which can only be
overcome by a showing that the State has no other means to advance a legitimate local
purpose." Id. at 338-39 (citation omitted) (quoting City ofPhiladelphia, 437 U.S.
617,624,98 S. Ct. 2531,57 L. Ed. 2d 475 (1978)).
However, if a state law does not "discriminate[] on its face against interstate
commerce," id. at 338, the law is subject to "the test set forth in Pike v. Bruce Church,

39

Filo Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
89723-9
Inc., 397 U.S. 137, 142[, 90S. Ct. 844, 25 L. Ed. 2d 174] (1970), which is reserved
for laws 'directedto legitimate local concerns, with effects upon interstate commerce
that are only incidental."' Id. at 346 (quoting City ofPhiladelphia, 437 U.S. at 624).
Under the Pike test, a nondiscriminatory state statute remains valid unless the burden
it imposes on interstate commerce is "'clearlyexcessive in relation to the putative
local benefits."' Id. (quoting Pike, 397 U.S. at 142).
Filo Foods contends that Proposition 1 discriminates on its face against
interstate commerce. That is so, Filo Foods contends, because Proposition 1
"distinguishes between entities that serve a principally interstate clientele and those
that primarily serve an intrastate market by singling out those businesses that
principally serve the Airport and air travelers." Filo Foods'sOpening Br. at 52-53.
This argument misunderstands the nature offacial discrimination. A facially
discriminatory law textually identifies out-of-state persons or entities and grants them
unfavorable treatment. See, e.g., Camps Newfound/Owatonna, Inc. v. Town of
Harrison, 520 U.S. 564, 568 & n.2, 117 S. Ct. 1590, 137 L. Ed. 2d 852 (1997). That
is not what Proposition 1 does. Proposition 1 does not distinguish between persons
and entities located in Washington State and those located outside Washington State.
The law accordingly does not facially discriminate against interstate commerce.
Instead, Proposition 1 must be analyzed under the Pike test because it is a
facially nondiscriminatory law that may have an incidental effect on interstate

40

Fifo Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
89723-9
commerce. But Filo Foods does not argue, much less demonstrate, that the
undisputed facts establish as a matter oflaw that "'theburden imposed on [interstate]
commerce is clearly excessive in relation to the putative local benefits."' United
Haulers Ass'n, 550 U.S. at 346 (alteration in original) (quoting Pike, 397 U.S. at 142).
Accordingly, under the Pike test, we hold that Filo Foods has not established that
Proposition 1 violates the dormant commerce clause.
CONCLUSION
We largely affirm the trial court, but we reverse on two issues. We hold that
under state law, Proposition 1 can be enforced at the Seattle-Tacoma International
Airport because there has been no showing that this law would interfere with airport
operations. We also hold that federal labor law does not preempt Proposition 1's
provision protecting workers from retaliation. Consequently, we uphold Proposition 1
in its entirety.







41

Fila Foods, LLC v. City ofSeaTac
89723-9




WE CONCUR:













42

Fila Foods, LLC, et al. v. City ofSeaTac, et al.



No. 89723-9

STEPHENS, J. (dissenting in part)-I disagree with the majority's
conclusion that Proposition 1 may be applied at the Seattle-Tacoma International
Airport consistent with the Revised Airports Act, RCW 14.08.330. In my view,
the majority's result offends the statute's plain language, which provides that
"[e]very airport" shall be under "the exclusive jurisdiction and control" of the
"municipality ... controlling and operating it." !d. Here, it is undisputed that the
Port of Seattle controls and operates the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Its
jurisdiction is therefore exclusive.  Further, the statute provides "[n]o other
municipality in which the airport ... is located shall have any police jurisdiction of
the [airport]." !d. It is undisputed that the city of SeaTac is the municipality in
which the airport is located. The city of SeaTac thus has no police jurisdiction at
the airport.  A straightforward application of RCW 14.08.330 should end the
matter.
Instead of applying the statute's clear rule, the majority holds that
Proposition 1 applies at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport because the

Fila Foods, LLC, et al. v. City ofSeaTac, et al., 89723-9 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

plaintiffs did not make a "factual showing that Proposition 1 would interfere with
airport operations." Majority at 19.  This creates an unworkable rule requiring
courts to adjudicate the jurisdictional boundary between governmental entities,
determining in this case whether the city of SeaTac's ordinances "interfere" with
the undefined concept of "airport operations."  !d.  The legislature decisively
rejected such an uncertain case-by-case approach to airport regulation. I would
hold that Proposition 1 may not be enforced at the Seattle-Tacoma International
Airport. To this extent, I respectfully dissent.
I. The Revised Airports Act, RCW 14.08.330
A. RCW 14.08.330 Provides That Proposition 1 Cannot Be Applied at the
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport
As we emphasize in every case of statutory interpretation, "[i]f the statute's
meaning is plain, we give effect to that meaning as the expression of the
legislature's intent." Majority at 10 (citing State v. Jacobs, 154 Wn.2d 596, 600,
115 P.3d 281 (2005)). Only if "the statutory language is susceptible to more than
one reasonable interpretation, it is ambiguous, and we may 'resortto extrinsic aids,
such as legislative history,' to resolve the ambiguity." !d. (internal quotation
marks omitted) (quoting Burton v. Lehman, 153 Wn.2d 416, 423, 103 P.3d 1230
(2005)).
In my view, there is no ambiguity in RCW 14.08.330. The statute simply
provides, in relevant part, that "[e]very airport ... controlled and operated by any
municipality ... shall, subject to federal and state laws, rules, and regulations, be

-2-

Fila Foods, LLC, et al. v. City ofSeaTac, et al., 89723-9 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

under the exclusive jurisdiction and control ofthe municipality ... controlling an~
operating it." RCW 14.08.330. Here, it is undisputed that the Port of Seattle is the
municipality that controls and operates the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport.
Therefore, the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport is under the exclusive
jurisdiction and control ofthe Port of Seattle.1
RCW 14.08.330 also provides that "[n]o other municipality in which the
airport . .. is located shall have any police jurisdiction of the [airport] or any
authority to charge or exact any license fees or occupation taxes for the
operations." (Emphasis added.) Here, it is undisputed that the "municipality in
which the airport ... is located" is the city of SeaTac. Id. Therefore, the city of
SeaTac has no police jurisdiction over the Seattle-Tacoma Internal Airport and
cannot charge or exact any license fees or occupation taxes for the airport
operations.2
1 Of course, both federal law and state law apply at the Seattle-Tacoma
International Airport, as RCW 14.08.330 recognizes. I will discuss below the majority's
point about another state law, the Minimum Wage Act, RCW 49.46.120. Based on my
resolution under RCW 14.08.330, there is no need to consider whether applicable federal
law prohibits applying Proposition 1 at the airport.
2 The majority contends that my reading renders superfluous RCW 14.08.330's
provision concerning police jurisdiction, license fees, and occupation taxes. Not so. The
city of SeaTac and the Port of Seattle agree that the term "'police jurisdiction"' in the
statute "is not synonymous with the police power. Rather, 'policejurisdiction' refers to a
municipality's authority to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction." Br. of Appellants City
of SeaTac and Kirstina Gregg, City of SeaTac Clerk at 10 & n.16; accord Br. ofResp't
Port of Seattle at 11. The purpose ofthe statute'sprovision that SeaTac "shall [not] have
any police jurisdiction" of the airport is to foreclose the city's otherwise colorable
argument that, although it does not have traditional police powers at the airport under
RCW 14.08.330's first sentence, it has extraterritorial "police jurisdiction" there. RCW
14.08.330.  The fact that the legislature went out of its way to expressly reject this
argument reinforces the scope of the exclusive jurisdiction articulated in RCW
14.08.330's first sentence.
-3-

Fila Foods, LLC, et al. v. City ofSeaTac, et al., 89723-9 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

The statute contemplates that an airport will be owned and operated by one
municipality, though physically located in another municipality's territory. And
the statute's delineation ofthose two municipalities' respective jurisdiction is clear.
The "municipality ... controlling and operating" the airport has "exclusive
jurisdiction and control."  Id.  The "municipality in which the airport ... is
located" has "[no] police jurisdiction."  Id.  The statute thus evidences the
legislative desire to avoid uncertainty between jurisdictional lines.  Its plain
language compels the result that the Port of Seattle is the only local jurisdiction
whose laws apply at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Our analysis of
RCW 14.08.330 should end there.3
B. The Majority's New Test for RCW 14.08.330 Belies the Statute's Text,
Renders Other Provisions Meaningless, and Will Prove Unworkable
The majority creatively seeks to avoid the statute's plain language by
dividing the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport into two parts. The first part is a
Nor is the statute's provision that denies SeaTac authority to charge or exact any
license fees or occupation taxes at the airport superfluous. As is common in legislation,
RCW 14.08.330 includes a general provision followed by specific examples that are
included out of an abundance of caution. The specific prohibition on license fees and
occupation taxes clarifies the general language on exclusive jurisdiction; it is not
superfluous. E.g., HENRY CAMPBELL BLACK, HANDBOOK ON THE CONSTRUCTION AND
INTERPRETATION OF THE LAWS 431 (2d ed. 1911) ("[A] proviso ... may be introduced
from excessive caution, and designed to prevent a possible misinterpretation of the
statute ....").
3 The majority relies on dicta from King County v. Port ofSeattle, 37 Wn.2d 338,
348, 223 P.2d 834 (1950), stated in the context of our conclusion that RCW 14.08.330
does not violate the constitutional provision that '"[t]here shall be no territory stricken
from any county."' (Quoting WASH. CONST. art. XI, 3.) Separate from determining the
statute's constitutionality, when we applied RCW 14.08.330, we held RCW 14.08.330
precludes King County from enforcing taxi licensing fees at Seattle-Tacoma International
Airport. !d. at 346-47.  The case's holding provides no support to authorize a local
regulation at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport.
-4-

Fifo Foods, LLC, et al. v. City ofSeaTac, et al., 89723-9 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

place-the geographic area in which the Port of Seattle owns title to the land and
has the power to regulate.  The second part is a set of activities-"airport
operations and the subject of aeronautics." Majority at 14 (emphasis omitted). As
the majority sees things, it is only as to the second part that the Port of Seattle has
exclusive jurisdiction and control.  !d. at 14-15.  After announcing this new
interpretation, the majority concludes, "Proposition 1 has nothing to do with airport
operations or the subject of aeronautics," so the city of SeaTac has not invaded the
Port of Seattle's exclusive jurisdiction and control. !d. at 16. I disagree with the
majority'sinterpretation and application.
The majority's distinction, between the airport as a geographic area and as a
set of functional activities ("airport operations or the subject of aeronautics," id.),
is nowhere to be found in the statute. The subject of the statute is simply "[e]very
airport."  RCW 14.08.330.  The statute does not slice and dice an "airport" to
reveal some sort of "core airport function" judicial test.  Instead the statute
concerns, as its language says it does, the airport.
The statute's structure confirms this.  The statute follows a general
rule/exception structure. Its general rule is that the municipality controlling and
operating the airport (the Port of Seattle) shall have exclusive jurisdiction and
control over the airport, and that no other municipality in which the airport is
located (the city of SeaTac) shall have any police jurisdiction ofthe airport. RCW
14.08.330. The statute then has one exception to that rule. The exception provides
"However, ... a municipality in which an airport ... is located" (the city of

-5-

Filo Foods, LLC, et al. v. City ofSeaTac, et al., 89723-9 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

SeaTac) "may be responsible for the administration and enforcement of the
uniform fire code ... on that portion of any airport ... located with its
jurisdictional boundaries," so long as it does this "by agreement with the
municipality operating and controlling the airport," (the Port of Seattle). !d. Thus,
a fire code is the single circumstance in which the city of SeaTac can enforce its
laws within the airport.
This exception disproves the majority's conclusion that "airport" in RCW
14.08.330 means only "airport operations or the subject of aeronautics," majority
at 16. Ifthe legislature intended the operating municipality's exclusive jurisdiction
to be over only that narrow functional concept, why would the legislature specify
an exception from the operating municipality's exclusive jurisdiction to allow the
municipality in which the airport sits to enforce a fire code at the airport? Under
the majority's view of the statute, the fire-code exception is simply unneeded
because the city of SeaTac can already enforce a fire code at Seattle-Tacoma
International Airport because that does not concern "airport operations or the
subjection ofaeronautics," id.
The fire-code exception creates a second puzzle under the majority's test.
The exception provides that the city in which the airport is located (the city of
SeaTac) may enforce a fire code within the airport only if the city does so "by
agreement with the municipality operating and controlling the airport" (the Port of
Seattle). RCW 14.08.330. As the majority notes, this exception was crafted by
legislative amendment in response to concerns raised by the Seattle city attorney.

-6-

Fila Foods, LLC, et al. v. City ofSeaTac, et al., 89723-9 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

Under the majority's holding, the fire code exception seems misplaced. If the city
of SeaTac can unilaterally impose other measures at the airport, such as
Proposition 1'ssweeping wage and employee right protections, what is the point of
requiring the Port of Seattle's consent to enforce a minimally intrusive fire code?.
Unless the majority is willing to say that enforcing a fire code "interfere[s]" with
"airport operations or the subject of aeronautics," majority at 16, the majority
leaves unanswered what role the fire code exception plays under its interpretation
ofthe statute.
The majority's flawed interpretation of RCW 14.08.330 foreshadows the
statute's troubled future. Under the majority opinion, whether a business operating
on airport property is bound by a city's local law will now turn on case-by-case
adjudication in court about whether the city's particular ordinance "interfere[s]"
with "airport operations or the subject of aeronautics," id. at 16, however that
concept may be construed. Even the SeaTac Committee for Good Jobs concedes
that some minimum wage ordinances will affect "airport operations" under certain
circumstances-though it maintains that Proposition 1 does not do so. See Wash.
Supreme Court Oral Argument, Fila Foods LLC v. City ofSeaTac, No. 89723-9
(June 26, 2014), at 17 min., 26 sec. through 19 min. 35 sec., audio recording by
TVW, Washington State's Public Affairs Network. To see the confusion the
majority's holding will create, consider the majority's application of its new test to
this case. The majority simply asserts and concludes, "Proposition 1 has nothing to
do with airport operations or the subject of aeronautics." Majority at 16. Yet,

-7-

Fifo Foods, LLC, et al. v. City ofSeaTac, et al., 89723-9 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

Proposition 1'stext specifically regulates the performance of quintessential airport
activities that the Port of Seattle contracts for, regulates, and licenses, including
"aircraft interior cleaning; aircraft carpet cleaning; aircraft washing and cleaning;
aviation ground support equipment washing and cleaning; aircraft water or
lavatory  services;  [and]  aircraft  fueling."   SEATAC  MUNICIPAL  CODE
7.45.010(M)(1)(a); see also Br. of Resp't Port of Seattle at 27-32 (describing the
Port of Seattle's regulation of these and other activities that Proposition 1 attempts
to regulate). The majority's summary conclusion that "Proposition 1 has nothing
to do with airport operations or the subject of aeronautics," majority at 16, makes
the majority's new test all the more troubling.
The legislature did not intend to foster a cottage industry of litigation over
airport  operations,  where  the  courts  arrive  at  case-by-case  conclusory
determinations under an imprecise test. It chose to draw a clear line. It enacted a
statute that gives exclusive jurisdiction and control to the operating municipality.
RCW 14.08.330. And it specifically said that "[n]o other municipality in which
the airport ... is located shall have any police jurisdiction of the [airport]." Jd.
The legislature understood that because airports are unique, complex operations,
they should be governed by one and only one local government-the one that
specializes in controlling and operating them. This desire to have legal clarity at
airports is especially understandable considering that airports can straddle multiple
municipal, county, or state lines. See RCW 14.08.200 (multiple municipalities

-8-

Fila Foods, LLC, eta!. v. City ofSeaTac, et al., 89723-9 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

may jointly operate an airport), .030 (municipalities may establish airports outside
this state).
II. The Minimum Wage Act, RCW 49.46.120
The majority offers an independent reason why the city of SeaTac can apply
Proposition 1 at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport.  It believes the
Minimum Wage Act, RCW 49.46.120, authorizes the ordinance to apply there.
See majority at 17-19. No doubt, state law could authorize a city in which an
airport is located to apply its ordinances at the airport. The Revised Airports Act
makes this clear: the municipality controlling and operating an airport has
exclusive jurisdiction and control of the airport, "subject to federal and state laws,
rules, and regulations." RCW 14.08.330 (emphasis added).
The majority relies on the Minimum Wage Act's provisiOn that "any
applicable federal, state, or local law or ordinance" that is more favorable to
employees than state law remains effective. RCW 49.46.120.  The majority
reasons:
[S]tate law sets the minimum wage in any given location at the most
favorable level to the employee whether by federal, state, or local
law.... The Port of Seattle's regulatory authority over the airport is
subordinate to all state laws, including state minimum wage law, that
require it to comply with local minimum wage laws.
Under Filo Foods's reading, the two statutes would be inconsistent
with one another. RCW 46.46.120 mandates that the laws in any given
location most favorable to the employee shall be in f-ull force and effect.
That provision would be meaningless if the Port of Seattle could trump
such laws in airports it controls. RCW 49.46.120 does not carve out an
exception for airports, and RCW 14.08.330 does not contain any language
indicating that the Port of Seattle'sjurisdiction and control over the airport
includes the power to trump local minimum wage laws. As state above,

-9-

Fila Foods, LLC, et al. v. City ofSeaTac, et al., 89723-9 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

that provision precludes the city of SeaTac only from interfering with the
operations ofan airport. The ordinance does not do so.
Majority at 18-19. This line of reasoning takes down an argument no one is
making. No one believes the Port of Seattle can "trump" the most employeefriendly
applicable law.
The Minimum Wage Act provides that the most employee-friendly
"applicable . .. local law" governs.  RCW 49.46.120 (emphasis added).  It does
not, as the majority believes, "set[] the minimum wage in any given location at the
most favorable level to the employee whether by federal, state, or local law."
Majority at 18 (emphasis added). Nor is the majority justified in its assumption
that the relevant "given location" includes the Seattle-Tacoma International
Airport.  Instead, the Minimum Wage Act expressly leaves the question of an
ordinance's applicability for other cases. And this case asks whether Proposition 1
applies at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport in light of RCW 14.08.330's
apparent shield against its application there. To say that the Minimum Wage Act
determines that Proposition 1 is an "applicable ... local law," RCW 49.46.120, at
the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport is to assume the very conclusion we are
debating. For that reason, the Minimum Wage Act does not aid our analysis.
III. Conclusion
I would affirm the superior court's judgment and hold that the plain
language ofthe Revised Airports Act, RCW 14.08.330, compels the result that the
municipality controlling and operating an airport has exclusive jurisdiction and
control over the airport, and the municipality in which the airport is located has no

-10-

Filo Foods, LLC, eta!. v. City ofSeaTac, eta!., 89723-9 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

police jurisdiction of the airport. The city of SeaTac's Proposition 1 cannot be
enforced at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport.
I do not share the majority's concern that absent the application of
Proposition 1 at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, those who work at the
airport could be without legal recourse for obtaining employee protections. This
concern appears to rest on the view that the Port of Seattle, as a special purpose
--- - -
district, has "functional differences" from the city of SeaTac. Majority at 10. But,
we know the Port of Seattle recently enacted various protections for employees
who work at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, including that total
minimum compensation per hour must presently be $13.72 and must be $15.50
within two years.4 And apart from the Port of Seattle's employment regulations,
employees at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport may seek the protection of
state law and federal law, just as is the case for the roughly 2.5 million residents of
unincorporated areas in this state without city governments.5 This is the structure

4 See PORT OF SEATTLE, RESOLUTION  3694 (as  amended July 22, 2014),
https://www.portseattle.org/About/Commission/Commission-Resolutions/Resolutions/
Resolution_No_3694_as_amended.pdf). Litigants challenged whether the Port of Seattle
has the statutory power to adopt these employee protections.  But the United States
District Court for the Western District of Washington denied those plaintiffs' motion for
a preliminary injunction to enjoin the Port of Seattle's regulations. The court found the
plaintiffs did not show a likelihood of success on the merits and held the Port of Seattle
has authority to adopt these employee protections. See Air Transport Ass'n ofAm., Inc.
v. Port ofSeattle, No. Cl4-1733-JCC (W.D. Wash. Dec. 19, 2014) (court order) (appeal
pending).  Notwithstanding the majority's dicta on the subject, the Port of Seattle's
authority to adopt employment regulations is not at issue in this case.
5 See OFFICE OF FIN. MGMT. FORECASTING & RESEARCH DIV., STATE OF
WASHINGTON: 2014 POPULATION TRENDS 15 (2014), http://www.ofm.wa.gov/Pop/aprill/
poptrends.pdf; see also id. at 4 ("[T]he five largest unincorporated county areas (Pierce,
Snohomish, King, Clark, and Kitsap) have almost [the same] population as the five
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Fila Foods, LLC, et al. v. City ofSeaTac, et al., 89723-9 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

of government that the legislature choose to institute for airports. I would leave it
undisturbed. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent on this issue.













largest cities in the state (Seattle, Spokane, Tacoma, Vancouver, and Bellevue), 1.34
versus 1.36 million respectively.").
-12-

Fila Foods, LLC, eta!. v. City ofSeaTac, eta!., 89723-9 (Stephens, J. Dissent)

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-13-