7a attach 1
NORTHWEST PORTS CLEAN AIR STRATEGY
2010 Implementation Report
DRAFT 1 – April 8, 2011
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 1
Table of Contents and List of Acronyms
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1
Ocean-Going Vessels: Sector Overview and Goals ................................................................................3
2010 Progress, Ocean-Going Vessels ................................................................................................... 4
Progress Summary, Ocean-Going Vessels ............................................................................................ 7
Cargo Handling Equipment: Sector Overview and Goals....................................................................... 9
2010 Progress, Cargo Handling Equipment ........................................................................................... 9
Progress Summary, Cargo Handling Equipment ................................................................................. 12
Trucks: Sector Overview and Goals ....................................................................................................... 13
2010 Progress, Trucks ......................................................................................................................... 14
Progress Summary, Trucks .................................................................................................................. 18
Rail: Sector Overview and Goals ............................................................................................................. 19
2010 Progress, Rail .............................................................................................................................. 20
Progress Summary, Rail ....................................................................................................................... 22
Harbor Craft: Sector Overview and Goals .............................................................................................. 23
2010 Progress, Harbor Craft ................................................................................................................ 23
Progress Summary, Harbor Craft ......................................................................................................... 26
Port Administration: Sector Overview and Goals ................................................................................. 27
2010 Progress, Port Administration ...................................................................................................... 27
Progress Summary, Port Administration .............................................................................................. 31
Progress Overview.................................................................................................................................... 32
2011 and Beyond ....................................................................................................................................... 34
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 36
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page i
Table of Contents and List of Acronyms
List of Tables
Table 1 Port Metro Vancouver EcoAction Incentive Structure......................................................... 5
Table 2 Incentive Structure to Promote <0.5% Sulfur Fuel Usage at Berth (Port of Seattle) .......... 6
Table 3 Ocean-Going Vessel Calls that Met or Exceeded Performance Measure.......................... 8
Table 4 Cargo Handling Equipment Sector Progress Summary ................................................... 12
Table 5 Truck Sector Progress Summary ...................................................................................... 18
Table 6 Rail Sector Progress Summary......................................................................................... 22
Table 7 Port Administration Sector Progress Summary ................................................................ 31
Table 8 Summary of Progress (2008-2010)................................................................................... 33
List of Appendices
Appendix A Data Methodology and Calculations
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page ii
Table of Contents and List of Acronyms
LIST OF ACRONYMS
ABC At-Berth Clean Fuels Vessel Incentive Program
BC British Columbia
BNSF Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway
CARB California Air Resources Board
CHE Cargo Handling Equipment
CMAQ Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality
CNG Compressed Natural Gas
CSS Cascade Sierra Solutions
DERA Diesel Emission Reduction Act
DMF Diesel Multistage Filter
DTR Drayage Truck Registry
DOC Diesel Oxidation Catalyst
ECA Emission Control Area (North American Context)
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GRT Gross Register Tonnage
HEV Hybrid-Electric Vehicle
IMO International Maritime Organization
LED Light Emitting Diodes
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
MT Metric Tons (tonne)
MTO Marine Terminal Operator
MY Model Year
NWPCAS Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy
OCR Optical Character Recognition
OGVs Ocean-Going Vessels
PM Particulate Matter
PRS Positive Restraint System
PSCCC Puget Sound Clean Cities Coalition
RFID Radio Frequency Identification
RO/RO Roll-on/Roll-off
RTG Rubber-Tired Gantries
ScRAPS Scrappage and Retrofits for Air in Puget Sound Program
TLS Truck Licensing System
ULSD Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel
U.S. United States
WSF Washington State Ferries
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page iii
Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Recognizing that port operations contribute to air quality in local and regional airsheds, Port Metro
Vancouver, the Port of Seattle, and the Port of Tacoma (‘the Ports’) have partnered with regulatory
agencies to identify ways to reduce air emissions from all aspects of port operations. The Northwest Ports
Clean Air Strategy (‘the Strategy’) was developed in 2007 as a collaboration between the Ports and
regulatory agencies including Environment Canada, the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency, the Washington
State Department of Ecology, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Reporting on
implementation of the Strategy occurs on an annual basis; previous implementation reports were
published for 2008 and 2009.
The Strategy defines specific performance measures for the reduction of port-related air quality impacts
on human health, the environment, climate change, and the economy. The focus of the Strategy is on
emission reductions in six sectors of port operations, and performance measures are quantitative or
qualitative, depending on the sector. The Strategy includes two milestones; a set of near term
performance measures for 2010, and a set of longer term performance measures for 2015.
2010 marks the completion of the first milestone of the Strategy, and the Ports and Strategy partners
have made significant progress toward achieving the 2010 performance measures over the last three
years. In some cases, the performance measures were met or even exceeded. Some highlights of the
2010 emission reduction progress and initiatives at the three ports are shown in the table below.
Sector 2010 Progress and Initiatives
• 44% of calls made by frequent calling vessels met the performance measure through the use
Ocean Going
of low-sulfur fuels or electrical shore power connections for vessels during hotelling
Vessels
operations.
Cargo Handling • 62% of diesel powered equipment met the performance measure through engine retrofits,
Equipment equipment replacement, or use of low-sulfur fuels.
• 98% of drayage trucks met the performance measure through engine retrofits and scrap- and-
Trucks
replace incentive programs.
Rail • Progress was made through application of idle-reduction and friction-reduction technologies,
engine replacements, and operational efficiencies to reduce fuel consumption.
Harbor • Progress was made through use of alternative and low sulfur fuels, engine replacement, shore
Vessels power, and resurfacing vessel hulls.
Port • Progress was made through programs focusing on areas such as energy conservation, hybrid
Administration vehicle fleets, and sustainable employee commuting.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page iv
Executive Summary
The Ports and their partners have made significant progress, reducing emissions in ways that reflect the
unique operations and conditions associated with each of the Ports. The successful implementation of the
Strategy has been facilitated by:
• collaboration among Strategy partners including the Ports and regulatory agencies;
• efforts of key tenants, service providers, and port users to make investments in their infrastructure
and operations that result in reduction in air emissions; and
• access to governmental funding programs and grants.
Implementation of the strategy has also encountered challenges, and the 2010 performance measures
were not met in some cases. Common factors that challenged the successful implementation of some
elements of the Strategy include:
• The incomplete regulatory framework and the lack of quantitative performance measures for
some sectors, such as rail and harbor craft;
• Challenges with the application of new emission reduction technologies, such as technologies not
performing as anticipated; and
• Limitations of data collection and management systems
The Ports and partners will incorporate the lessons learned from this first phase as they continue toward
achieving the 2015 performance measures. The Ports also recognize the need to review and adjust the
Strategy on a regular basis in light of new standards, technology, air emissions data and evolving climate
change policy frameworks. A major review of the Strategy is planned to occur in 2012, incorporating
these external changes and other lessons learned. In the revised strategy, 2015 performance measures
will become short-term goals and new 2020 performance measures will be set for port related emissions
reduction in the Pacific Northwest.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page v
Introduction
Introduction
Air quality in the Pacific Northwest is influenced by a diverse range of human activities including
transportation, operation of commercial and residential buildings, manufacturing, and other commercial
and industrial activities. As the population of the Pacific Northwest has grown, air emissions associated
with different human activities have also grown. As a result, governments, industry, and residents are all
being called upon to find ways to reduce air emissions in order to protect air quality and avoid impacts on
human health and the environment.
The Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy (“the Strategy”) was developed collaboratively by Port Metro
Vancouver1, Port of Seattle and Port of Tacoma (collectively, “the Ports”) and several government
agencies in 2007. The Strategy has three primary objectives:
• Reducing maritime and port-related air quality impacts on human health, the environment, and
the economy
• Reducing maritime and port-related contribution to climate change
• Helping the Georgia Basin – Puget Sound airshed to continue to meet air quality standards and
objectives
The Strategy was also developed in cooperation with the following agencies:
• Environment Canada
• Puget Sound Clean Air Agency (Clean Air Agency)
• Washington State Department of Ecology (Department of Ecology)
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)
Additional technical and financial support toward emission reduction initiatives related to the Northwest
Ports Clean Air Strategy was provided by British Columbia Ministry of Environment and the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act.
The actions undertaken by the Ports are primarily voluntary, driven by the Ports’ unique and collaborative
relationships with industry, agencies and other stakeholders, and are designed to achieve early
reductions in advance of, and complementary to, applicable regulations. The Strategy is also a conduit for
the Northwest Ports to provide environmental management leadership to the industry while also
incorporating best practices from other successful regional programs.
1 Port Metro Vancouver continued January 1, 2008, through the amalgamation of the Fraser River Port Authority, the North
Fraser Port Authority and the Vancouver Port Authority.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 1
Introduction
The 2010 Implementation Report, the third annual report, provides an update on ongoing actions, and
reports on the progress each port has made throughout the calendar year toward achieving 2010
emission reduction targets, corresponding to the performance measures set out in the Strategy. This
report is organized by the sources of maritime air emissions associated with the sectors of
port operations:
• Ocean-going vessels
• Cargo handling equipment
• Trucks
• Rail
• Harbor craft
• Port administration
Each section includes a brief description of the sector’s activities, and provides the performance measure
that has been established as an indicator for emission reduction, combined with the 2010 target set for
each performance measure. For each port and sector, the 2010 performance reporting includes:
• A summary of the emission reduction activities that met or exceeded the 2010 performance
measure;
• A description of how the performance measure was met, either using the methods described in
the strategy or alternative methods developed by the ports and/or its stakeholders;
• A description of highlights or initiatives that resulted in emission reductions that exceeded the
performance measure, which may have been achieved by methods other than those described in
the performance measure; and
• A description of other activities that made progress toward the 2010 performance measure, in
that emissions were reduced, but did not meet the criteria of the 2010 performance measure.
The 2011 implementation plans of each port are also described, and each section concludes with a
summary of the overall progress made in the sector in 2010, compared with results from previous years.
Where possible, a consistent set of data collection methods has been used across all ports. However, a
meaningful comparison between ports is not possible in some cases due to differences in the way that
data is collected and reported, as well as differences in the type of maritime activity at each port. The
Ports will continue to work towards adopting consistent methods for data collection and reporting in future
years of Strategy implementation. A detailed accounting of the methodologies used to calculate each
port’s 2010 progress toward the 2010 performance measures can be found in Appendix A.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 2
Ocean-Going Vessels Sector
Ocean-Going Vessels: Sector Overview and Goals
Ocean-going vessels (OGV) represent a significant source of
emissions in port operations due to the use of fuels at berth
and at anchor. Potential actions identified in the Strategy for
reducing emissions in this sector include, but are not
limited to:
• Using alternative or cleaner fuels;
• Identifying opportunities for cleaner engines or aftertreatment
technologies’ and
• Evaluating efficiency and conservation programs.
Other activities described in the strategy include:
North American Emission Control Area
• Investigating incentive programs such as
discounted harbor dues and fuel rebates; and
• Collaborating with relevant stakeholders to take
part in policy issues such as the adoption of
amendments to MARPOL (Marine Pollution)
Annex VI and the implementation of a North
American Emission Control Area (ECA). See
the ‘North American Emission Control Area’
highlight box for more details.
The 2010 performance measure for the OGV Sector In 2009, Canada and the U.S. submitted a
proposal to the International Marine
is to:
Organization (IMO) for a North American
Emission Control Area (ECA).
• By 2010: Reach the equivalent PM reduction of
Under the ECA, which was adopted in
using distillate fuels with a maximum sulfur March, 2010, all vessels within 200
content of 0.5% for all hotelling auxiliary engine nautical miles of the coast will be required
operations.2 3 Use of fuels with a maximum to burn fuel with 1% sulfur content or less
sulfur content of 1.5%, or use of equivalent PM beginning in August 2012, and 0.1% in
January 2015.
reduction measures for all hotelling main or
diesel electric engine operations.4
2 It has been demonstrated that up to a 70% per vessel reduction in fine particulate can be achieved by switching from bunker to
distillate fuels.
3 Note there may be some ships with specific technical circumstances that would not be able to comply until 2012.
4 Except during active docking and departure, during which non-hotelling engine operations are running.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 3
Ocean-Going Vessels Sector
2010 Progress, Ocean-Going Vessels
Port Metro Vancouver
24.8% of frequent OGV5 calls made to the Burrard Inlet, Roberts Bank and Fraser River areas of Port
Metro Vancouver met or exceeded the 2010 performance measure. The Port had a total of 2,849 OGV
calls in 2010, 804 of which were made by 104 frequently-calling vessels.
• 16.7% (134) of calls were directly verified.
• It is conservatively estimated that an additional Shore Power at Port Metro Vancouver
65 frequent OGV calls met or exceeded the 2010
performance measure. Including these
estimates, 24.8% of frequent OGV calls met or
exceeded the 2010 performance measure (see
Appendix A for more detail).
Frequently-calling vessels that met or exceeded the 2010
performance measure did so by using:
• ≤1.5% sulfur fuel while using main engines to
provide hotelling power demand (generally cruise 2010 was the first full year of Shore
ships); Power availability for cruise ships visiting
the East and West berths at Canada
• ≤0.5% sulfur fuel while using auxiliary engines at Place. Shore Power electrification allows
anchor and at dock; or cruise ships to completely shut down
hotelling engines, and in 2010 this
• Shore power connections, allowing engines to
resulted in the direct emissions
shut down completely. See the ‘Shore Power’
reductions of:
highlight box for more details.
• 1,500 tonnes of net CO2e emissions;
In 2010, Port Metro Vancouver hosted 58 vessel calls
• 30 tonnes of NOx emissions; and
that where capable of connecting to shore power; 44 of • 2.4 tonnes of PM2.5 emissions.
these calls successfully connected to shore power. Some
calls were not able to connect when there were more Port Metro Vancouver continues to work
with Princess Cruise Lines, Holland
vessels at berth than there were physical shore power America Line, BC Hydro, the Province of
connections available. BC and the Government of Canada on
this initiative.
5 Frequent callers are defined as vessels (including cargo and cruise) in regularly-scheduled service or strings making five or
more calls to any one of the three ports in twelve consecutive months.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 4
Ocean-Going Vessels Sector
To promote the use of <0.5% sulfur fuel, the Port provides financial incentives through the EcoAction
Program (previously the Differentiated Harbor Dues program). The EcoAction incentive cost structure for
use of <0.5% sulphur fuel provides a rebate to the base harbour dues, and are calculated on the Gross
Register Tonnage (GRT) of a vessel (Table 1).
Table 1 Port Metro Vancouver EcoAction Incentive Structure
Vessel Size (GRT) Harbor Dues Discount
20,000 $880
50,000 $2,200
100,000 $4,400
2011 Implementation Plans
An estimated 57 shore power connections are expected to be made by cruise
vessels at Canada Place during the 2011 season with continued reductions in
criteria air contaminants and greenhouse gases. In 2011, Port Metro Vancouver
will also embark on a strategic initiative to expand shore power capability to the
container market through active engagement of key stakeholders, including an
existing tenant and shipping line.
The Port is continuing to use its Blue Circle Award recognition program to increase awareness and
participation of Marine Shippers in the EcoAction program. The EcoAction Program is under review with a
scheduled upgrade to the existing process to minimize the burden on stakeholders throughout the
application process, and realign with upcoming international regulations. This will be completed in step
with ongoing IT upgrades.
Port of Seattle
72.4% of all frequent ocean-going vessel calls (cruise and container ships) met or exceeded the 2010
OGV performance measure. The Port had a total of 1015 OGV calls in 2010, 830 of which were made by
frequently-calling vessels.
• 100% of the 223 frequent cruise vessel calls used either shore power or ≤1.5% sulfur fuel.
• 38.6% of all cruise vessels participated in the At-Berth Clean Fuels Program and used <0.5%
sulfur fuel while at berth.
• 62% of frequently-calling container vessel calls (378) met the 2010 OGV performance measure
by participating in the At-Berth Clean Fuels Program and using ≤0.5% sulfur diesel fuel in
auxiliary engines while at berth.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 5
Ocean-Going Vessels Sector
Working towards the 2015 OGV performance measure, in 2010, the Port of Seattle continued to seek
funding for providing shore power at Pier 66.
The At-Berth Clean Fuels Vessel Incentive Program (ABC Fuels), launched on January 1, 2009, provides
an incentive to frequently-calling vessels that use 0.5% (or less) sulfur fuels in auxiliary engines while at
berth. In 2010, the incentive was increased from $1,500 to $2,250 per call, with an intention of covering
close to 50% of the cost differential of using more expensive fuel. Participation in ABC Fuels requires per
call reporting and periodic audits, which in 2009 and 2010 were conducted by Det Norske Veritas and
Port staff. In addition, all homeported cruise ships (ships based in Seattle) that call to the Port of Seattle
are required, via the tariff, to either plug in to shore power or use 1.5% (or less) sulfur fuels in their diesel
electric main engines while at berth.
Building on the success of the ABC Fuels program, in
2010 the Port of Seattle launched the inaugural Green
Gateway Partners Awards to recognize the
comprehensive environmental achievements of the Port’s cruise and containership operators. Eligible
carriers and cruise lines are ABC Fuels program participants, and demonstrated their environmental
stewardship initiatives above and beyond existing regulations. The applications are reviewed by a third
party, and eligible parties are rewarded with Bronze, Silver and Gold Partnership levels. The Port intends
to review award criteria annually to adjust for changes in technology, regulations, or industry standards.
2011 Implementation Plans
Port of Seattle will continue to work towards increased participation in the ABC program to achieve further
emission reductions in 2011. In 2011, the ABC Fuels Program will contain a tiered incentive (Table 2),
based on fuel use while in port, to more equitably cover increased fuel costs. These incentives are
anticipated to result in higher participation rates in the ABC program.
Table 2 Incentive Structure to Promote <0.5% Sulfur Fuel Usage at Berth (Port of Seattle)
Volume of <0.5% Sulfur Fuel Burned
Incentive Tier Incentive
While At-Berth (Metric Tons)
Tier I 1 – 9.99 MT $1200
Tier II 10 – 19.99 MT $2250
Tier III 20+ MT $2850
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 6
Ocean-Going Vessels Sector
Port of Tacoma
35% of frequent ocean-going vessel calls at the Port of Tacoma met or exceeded the 2010 performance
measure by using distillate (≤0.5% sulfur) fuel for hotelling auxiliary engine operation. The Port had a total
of 1019 OGV calls in 2009, 537 of which were frequently-calling vessels.
In 2009, two shipping lines consolidated routes moving some cargo from Tacoma to Seattle as part of a
vessel-sharing agreement. These ships were considered frequent callers using distillate fuel in hotelling
auxiliary engine operations. One line consolidation began in 2009 and was fully implemented in 2010.
Vessel line consolidation reduced the percentage of frequently-calling vessels using distillate from 40% in
2009 to 35% in 2010. In addition to the frequently-calling vessels meeting the 2010 performance measure
above, there were additional non-frequently-calling OGVs using distillate not counted towards the
performance measure listed above.
In September of 2010, the Port of Tacoma completed a project to retrofit two ships and one port terminal
for shore power. Emissions at berth from two 840 ft Orca Class roll-on/roll-off (RO/RO) vessels, the M.V.
Midnight Sun and the M.V. North Star, serving Alaska were eliminated. Because this project was
completed in late 2010, the percentage of emission reductions counted toward 2010 and 2015
Performance Measure goals will be notably higher in 2011.
2011 Implementation Plans
In 2011, the Port will continue to work on educational outreach to shipping lines promoting the air quality
benefits and recognition associated with switching to distillate fuel. The Port of Tacoma will continue to
investigate alternative measures to reduce emissions from hotelling vessels, such as minimizing vessels’
time at berth through terminal efficiency, or providing an alternative to hotelling auxiliary engine operation,
such as shore power.
Progress Summary, Ocean-Going Vessels
In 2010, the Ports achieved further emission reductions in the OGV sector primarily through low-sulfur
fuel programs. These programs were delivered through incentives at Port Metro Vancouver and Port of
Seattle, and as a voluntary program at Port of Tacoma. All Ports will continue efforts to reduce OGV-
related emissions through awareness initiatives and evaluation of and potential refinements to
incentive programs.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 7
Ocean-Going Vessels Sector
The table below compares the three Ports’ progress of 2010, in terms of the number and percentage of
calls made by frequently-calling vessels that met or exceeded the 2010 performance measure (Table 3).
In 2010 there were 186 more calls than in 2009 that met or exceeded the 2010 target.
Table 3 Ocean-Going Vessel Calls that Met or Exceeded Performance Measure
2008 2009 2010
PORT
% of Calls # of Calls % of Calls # of calls % of Calls # of calls
Port Metro Vancouver 7% 79 1.6% 12 24.8% 134
Port of Seattle 29% 219 63.5% 454 72.4% 601
Port of Tacoma 57% 433 50% 336 35% 188
Average
31% 731 calls 38% 802 calls 44% 988 calls
(un-weighted)/Total
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 8
Cargo Handling Equipment Sector
Cargo Handling Equipment: Sector Overview and Goals
Dockside emissions in the cargo handling equipment
(CHE) sector addressed in this report are related to
diesel powered equipment, such as straddle carriers,
rubber-tired gantries (RTG), reach stackers, top and
side picks, forklifts and yard tractors. Potential action
items for reducing emissions in this sector include, but
are not limited to:
• Implementing the use of cleaner engines, through retrofits, engine replacements, or equipment
replacements;
• Implementing the use of cleaner fuels such as ultra-low sulphur diesel (ULSD) and/or biofuel; and
• Conducting and evaluating pilot studies on alternative fuel sources for CHE such as electric,
diesel hybrid, liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), or propane.
The 2010 performance measure for the CHE Sector is to:
• By 2010: Reach the port-wide equivalent PM reduction of Tier 2 or Tier 3 engines6 operating with
ULSD or a biodiesel blend of an equivalent sulfur level, and promote early implementation of the
requirements. All new terminals will be equipped with new CHE equipment meeting the highest
standards that are practicable for the anticipated use at the time of purchase.
2010 Progress, Cargo Handling Equipment
Port Metro Vancouver
• 53% of CHE for terminal facilities in the Burrard Inlet and Roberts Bank operated at or above the
equivalent of Tier 2 or Tier 3 engines.
• 100% of CHE equipment used ULSD
In July 2010, Environment Canada regulations reduced the diesel content for non-road equipment fuel to
15 ppm (equivalent to ULSD). This effectively resulted in 100% of CHE equipment using ULSD after
July 2010.
6 Tier 2 and 3 standards are 0.15 g/hp*hr for most CHE. See Table 1.1 in US EPA’s Final Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of
Emissions from Nonroad Diesel Engines, August 1998, available online at: http://www.epa.gov/nonroad-diesel/frm1998/nr-
ria.pdf, last visited on 12/12/2007.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 9
Cargo Handling Equipment Sector
2011 Implementation Plans
Port Metro Vancouver is expecting to complete an update to the 2005 land-based emission inventory for
2010. The emission inventory is expanded to include the Fraser river tenants and capture overall
electrical usage. For more details, see the 2011 and Beyond section later in the report.
Port of Seattle
• 55% of all CHE at Port of Seattle
operated at or above the equivalent of Challenge: Adopting New Technologies
Tier 2 or Tier 3 engines.
In 2009, the Washington State Department of
• 100% of all CHE used ULSD fuel Ecology received a $1.2 million grant from the
and/or biodiesel blends. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to install
pollution-reducing exhaust retrofits on CHE at three
ports in the State, including Port of Seattle and
Using funds from an EPA Diesel Emission
Port of Tacoma. By the spring of 2010, installation
Reduction Act (DERA) grant, the Port and the of exhaust retrofits was completed on 218 pieces
Clean Air Agency, the Agency installed diesel of CHE.
oxidation catalyst (DOC) retrofits on the seven A combination of exhaust technologies was used.
top picks owned by the two terminals. The simplest technology, known as Diesel
Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), was installed on 57 CHE
at the Ports of Seattle and Tacoma, reducing tail
In late 2010, eighty-one (81) diesel multi-stage pipe PM emissions by 25% (1,403 lbs/yr). A more
filters (DMFs) were removed from Port of advanced technology, known as the Diesel Multi-
Seattle CHE. See the ‘Challenge: Adopting stage Filter (DMF), was installed on another
161 pieces of CHE at the two ports, reducing tail
New Technologies’ box for more details. pipe PM by 50% (7,215 lbs/yr).
The DMF was marketed and warranted as a “no
2011 Implementation Plans maintenance” device (i.e. no periodic filter cleaning
required), nearly impossible to plug and ideally
Port staff members are working with Maritime suited for vehicles and equipment with low exhaust
Terminal Operators (MTOs) to identify temperature such as CHE.
alternative emission reduction approaches and However, by the fall of 2010 a high percentage of
technologies, such as evaluating the the DMFs on CHE had begun to plug up with soot.
Subsequent assessment of DMF plugging revealed
alternative fuel feasibility of LNG, CNG, hybrid,
that exhaust temperature needed to be much
and electric options, and identifying verified higher than originally required for the DMF to
exhaust treatment technologies that will perform as warranted. As a result, the
manufacturer recommended DMF removal from all
achieve the highest practical PM reductions CHE. By early 2011, all DMFs had been removed
for existing equipment and integrate those and replaced with acoustical mufflers.
technologies into retrofit projects. In addition, The Washington State Department of Ecology is in
the Port is working with MTOs to identify the process of claiming full reimbursement of the
costs for the failed DMF project. Once
sources of funding to purchase new CHE to
reimbursement has been acquired, those funds will
replace older models that cannot be retrofitted be used to support other clean diesel projects, with
with emission reduction devices. priority given to port projects.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 10
Cargo Handling Equipment Sector
Using funds from its EPA DERA grant along with matching funds from both the Port and the Clean Air
Agency, 14 CHE units that are 15 years old will be replaced with 10 new units with low-emitting on-road
engines. The Agency also plans to install up to eight diesel particulate filters (DPF) retrofits on top picks
and reach stackers operating at two terminals, and additional DOCs on two reach stackers at one of
those terminals. DPF retrofits reduce particulate matter at the tail pipe by approximately 85%, versus 25%
for DOC retrofits.
Port of Tacoma
• 77% of all CHE at Port of Tacoma operated at or above the equivalent of Tier 2 or Tier 3 engines:
▫ 7% of all CHE exceeded the 2010 performance measure.
▫ 70% of all CHE met the performance measure.
• 100% of all CHE used ULSD fuel and/or biodiesel blends.
The 2010 performance measure was met or exceeded by retrofitting equipment with DPFs, retiring older
equipment, and purchasing new EPA tier 2, 3, and 4 low-emission equipment. In addition to the 77% of
CHE that met or exceeded the performance measure, the remaining 23% of all CHE made progress
toward the 2010 performance measure by using ULSD.
In late 2010, eighty (80) DMFs were removed from Port of Tacoma CHE (see the Challenge: Adopting
New Technologies box on previous page for details).
2011 Implementation Plans
In 2011, the Port of Tacoma will continue CHE retrofits and equipment replacement in collaboration with
stakeholders including Port tenants. Equipment owners are slowly replacing older equipment with new
low-emission units. The Clean Air Agency and Department of Ecology are managing retrofit projects that
utilize EPA’s DERA, Washington State Clean Diesel, and Clean Air Agency Diesel Solutions program
grants, along with matching funds from the Port. These projects will make help make progress toward the
Strategy’s 2015 performance measure for CHE by retrofitting up to 65 CHE engines with DPFs. Another
40 or more pieces of CHE will be retrofitted with DOCs using EPA DERA funds and matching funds from
the Clean Air Agency and the Port. Equipment that cannot be retrofitted because of technical or
mechanical restrictions will be considered for replacement through planned terminal equipment
purchases or by equipment repowers under existing or future grant programs.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 11
Cargo Handling Equipment Sector
Progress Summary, Cargo Handling Equipment
In 2010 the Ports and their facility operators made significant progress toward achieving the 2010
performance measure targets. All CHE at the Ports now use ULSD fuels or equivalent. Table 4 below
shows the progress by Port, in terms of the percentage of all CHE units that met or exceeded the 2010
performance measure target. There was an overall increase in the percentage of CHE that met or
exceeded the target from 57% in 2009 to 62% in 2010.
Table 4 Cargo Handling Equipment Sector Progress Summary
2008 2009 2010
PORT
Met or Exceeded Met or Exceeded Met or Exceeded
Port Metro Vancouver 29% 32% 53%
Port of Seattle 9% 68% 55%
Port of Tacoma 47% 70% 77%
Average (un-weighted) 28% 57% 62%
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 12
Trucks Sector
Trucks: Sector Overview and Goals
Drayage, or container, trucking is a vital component of
goods movement at the Ports. Emissions from
drayage7 trucks include PM from diesel engines.
Emission reductions can be achieved through cleaner
engines (associated with newer truck models, or
achieved through engine exhaust emission control
retrofits), cleaner fuels, implementing idle-reduction
and decreased congestion programs, and efficiency
improvements.
The 2010 performance measure for the Truck Sector is to:
• By 2010, reach the equivalent PM emissions level of 1994 or newer heavy-duty truck engine8
model year through vehicle purchase or by using approved retrofit packages, to be identified.
One of the deliverables listed in the Strategy for 2008 was to define a package of retrofits that would
sufficiently reduce emissions to meet the 2010 performance measure. In 2009, the U.S. ports and air
agencies determined there were no cost-effective retrofits currently available to meet the performance
measure, or no technologies suitable for use on trucks performing drayage duty. As such, the Ports have
pursued emission reductions through allowance of only trucks with engine years of 1994 or newer. The
U.S. ports and air agencies continue to review new technologies for cost effective retrofit solutions. Port
Metro Vancouver has pursued emission reductions in this sector through a multi-year program including a
defined set of emission reduction measures for trucks, such as engine retrofits, alternative fuels, and
engine replacements that, when used with older trucks, will meet the 2010 performance measure.
7 To be consistent with the Clean Air Strategy, the term ‘drayage’ means the following at different ports: At Port Metro Vancouver
and Port of Seattle, drayage refers to all container trucks. At Port of Tacoma, drayage refers to all container trucks with the
exception of auto transport trailers.
8 The Clean Air Strategy performance measure for trucks states that progress should be measured by truck engine model year.
However this information is not available in many cases; thus the Ports are reporting progress based on truck model year
unless engine model year is available.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 13
Trucks Sector
2010 Progress, Trucks
Port Metro Vancouver
Port Metro Vancouver met the 2010 performance measure in 2009.
Port Metro Vancouver has an established truck licensing program, which requires that drayage truck
operators accessing Port terminals must have a valid Container Truck Licensing System (TLS) license or
permit in place. Truck operators without a valid TLS license or permit are not granted access to Port
property. The TLS license sets out minimum safety and environmental requirements for drayage trucks
accessing Port property. Environmental requirements were first introduced to the TLS in 2008 and have
been set through 2017, by which point 100% of the fleet will be 2007 or newer or have equivalent PM
emissions. In 2009, the 2010 performance measure was met, as all trucks with engines older than 1994
were not granted a TLS license and were prohibited from accessing the Port.
In April of 2010, Port Metro Vancouver opacity limits expanded to include truck model years 2000 and
older. The Port also undertook outreach to truck owners/operators, mechanics, and distributors of eligible
emission reduction technologies to prepare these stakeholders for the 2011 truck age and PM emission
limits, which will apply to all trucks 1998 and older.
2011 Implementation Plans
On April 1, 2011, the next phase of the container TLS program came into effect, to reach the equivalent
PM emissions level of model year (MY) 1999 or newer heavy-duty truck engines through vehicle
purchase or using approved retrofit packages.
Port Metro Vancouver has initiated a ‘proof of concept’ pilot project for implementing a vehicle tracking
system, using an on-board global positioning system for all tractors licensed in the TLS. Phase I of the
project focuses on collaboration with industry and key stakeholders. Participants will be part of a working
group that will develop a sustainable business model for developing enhancements to the traffic
management and optimization of container drayage processes among trucking companies, Port facilities
and Port business partners. The Pilot Project target size is approximately 300 tractors. Participation in the
Pilot Project will be at no cost for the duration of the project, which is estimated to be approximately
nine months.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 14
Trucks Sector
Port of Seattle
Based on the Clean Truck Program Drayage Truck
Registry:
• 100% of drayage trucks met the 2010
performance measure.
The Port of Seattle partnered with the Clean Air Agency
to concentrate on projects to reduce maritime air
emissions. The Agency, as part of its programs,
contracted with non-profit Cascade Sierra Solutions
(CSS) to implement the ‘Scrappage and Retrofits for Air
in Puget Sound’, or ScRAPS program; a buy-back, Drayage Truck Registry Outreach
scrap, and replacement program for pre-1994 MY Initiative
engine trucks. ScRAPS provides a $5,000 (or blue-book In 2010 The Port of Seattle engaged in
value, whichever is greater) incentive to scrap pre-1994 significant education and outreach efforts
with stakeholders (truckers, community
MY trucks that perform drayage predominantly at the and environmental groups, rail, marine
Port of Seattle. In 2010, ScRAPS successfully removed terminal operators, shipping lines,
shippers, labor, regulatory agencies, and
249 pre-1994 MY drayage trucks at Port of Seattle. elected officials). The Port developed and
Using funds from the Port and the Department of implemented a Drayage Truck Registry
outreach initiative aimed at ensuring all
Ecology, the ScRAPS Program also provided DOC drayage truck drivers and companies
retrofits on replacement trucks to further reduce were informed of the Clean Truck
Program requirements and to help
emissions, although most of these DOC installations will register compliant trucks. This outreach
take place in 2011. initiative included:
• Program notification fliers and
As of January 1, 2011, all drayage trucks that enter the establishment of countdown signage
Port of Seattle container terminals have engines that at the terminal gates.
• Registration follow-up calls, and
are MY 1994 or newer. Non-compliant trucks are not
events such as Drayage trucker BBQ.
allowed access to the container terminals, which is a • Trucker Resource Fairs with
information on financing, insurance,
requirement of the lease agreements between the Port
and business resources
of Seattle and the marine terminal operators. • Partnerships with the African
Chamber of Commerce and Port Jobs
Employment Assistance to reach out
The Port of Seattle Drayage Truck Registry (DTR) is the
to truckers and provide resources.
mechanism by which trucks entering the container • Program updates via e-mail and
terminals are determined to be compliant with the Clean presentations to community and
environmental groups.
Truck Program and allowed access. See the ‘Drayage
Truck Registry Outreach Initiative’ highlight box for
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 15
Trucks Sector
more details. The DTR is a web-based system, www.portseattledtr.org that collects detailed information
on each truck. Compliance is determined via an automatic verification of the VIN number and of the truck
license plate number. If compliant, the DTR generates a receipt of registration and each truck is issued a
DTR sticker, which is printed with identification information that can be used for audit purposes. Truckers
are required to display the DTR sticker on the driver’s side door for terminal access.
In order to confirm that a MY 1994 truck had a MY 1994 engine, all MY 1994 trucks that registered with
the DTR were placed on the pending list and required to have a physical inspection of the engine. The
Port of Seattle arranged for CSS to provide this physical inspection at no cost to the truckers.
2011 Implementation Plans
In January 2011, the Port of Seattle Commission instructed staff to develop a proposal to accelerate
implementation of the Strategy long-term truck performance measures, with a focus on achieving 100%
compliance by the end of 2015. Port staff will be working with stakeholders to develop this proposal,
which is due to the Commission in mid-2012.
Port of Tacoma
• 94% of drayage trucks met the 2010 performance measure.
The Port of Tacoma’s Drayage Truck Emission Improvement Program is a marketbased
approach to reducing emissions that promotes a healthy partnership with the
trucking community and shipping industry. The program has three components: 1)
promoting clean truck fleets to existing and prospective Port businesses; 2) working
with terminal operators to improve terminal and gate efficiency; and 3) assisting the
trucking community to improve their truck fleet. The program demonstrated
significant progress in 2010.
As part of this market-based approach, the Port of Tacoma implemented a clean truck sticker program
identifying trucks compliant with clean truck program standards and a Best Management Practice List
recognizing trucking companies that meet or exceed the 2010 standards and/or are EPA SmartWay
program partners. Using this approach, the Port of Tacoma has enlisted 30 truck companies for early
compliance with Port standards and issued over 6,000 stickers for compliance identification. Yellow
stickers were issued to trucks meeting the 2010 but not the 2015 strategy goals, printed with a 2015
expiration date. Green stickers were issued to the cleanest trucks meeting the 2015 strategy goals,
printed with an expiration date of 2025.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 16
Trucks Sector
In 2010, Port of Tacoma Terminal operators were enlisted to support the Clean
Truck Program and assist the Port with truck data collection, program development,
program communication, and program enforcement. Terminal operators have
assisted Port enforcement of the Clean Truck Program by monitoring and notifying
drayage trucks not properly stickered.
Port of Tacoma conducted a 2010 Port Drayage Truck Fleet study to provide current
drayage truck age profiles. The 2010 study updated truck age information and
examined the changes between the 2008, 2009 and 2010 study. The study showed
that the overall number of trucks serving the Port has not changed significantly and those older pre-1994
trucks were being replaced by newer trucks.
It is important to note that the 2010 study presents data prior to the Drayage Truck Program’s first
compliance deadline of December 31, 2010. Port Staff are aware of truck owners upgrading their trucks
mid-year to meet the Drayage Truck Program Standards by year end. Data collected for this study
included older trucks ultimately upgraded or retired by year end. This would suggest much better
compliance performance after the compliance deadline. A subsequent drayage truck compliance audit
performed at terminal gates on February 4, 2011, indicated nearly 100% compliance with the 2010
performance measure.
To maintain communication with the trucking community and promote the clean truck program, the Port
continues to operate a dedicated website to provide the trucking community with information about the
program objectives, truck engine age standards and resources for vehicle replacement.
2011 Implementation Plans
As of December 31, 2010, the 2010 Strategy goals have now become the minimum standards for
drayage trucks serving the Port of Tacoma. The Port will use the existing Best Management Practice list
of pre-qualified drayage trucking companies to highlight and promote those who meet the Strategy’s 2015
performance measure and have EPA SmartWay certification. As part of the overall clean truck program,
the Port will monitor Port drayage fleet and report progress towards the 2015 drayage truck
performance measures.
The City of Tacoma has been awarded a $2.5 million Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) grant
to scrap and replace port drayage trucks and other Tacoma area trucks with newer cleaner vehicles.
Under this program, first priority will be given to port drayage trucks serving the Port of Tacoma.
Replacement trucks will also be retrofitted to further reduce emissions. The Washington State Department
of Ecology provided another $400,000 as a match to the CMAQ grant. In 2011, the Port will work with the
City of Tacoma to focus funds and effort on replacing the remaining trucks that do not meet the 2010
performance standard. The Clean Air Agency and the Department of Ecology will provide technical
assistance to the City.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 17
Trucks Sector
Progress Summary, Trucks
In 2010, Port Metro Vancouver and Port of Seattle met the 2010 performance measure, and the Port of
Tacoma reported nearly 100% of CHE meeting the performance measure by the beginning of 2011.
Table 5 details the percentage of trucks accessing the port that met the performance measure in 2009
and 2010.
Table 5 Truck Sector Progress Summary
2009 2010
PORT
Met Performance Measure Met Performance Measure
Metro Vancouver 100% 100%
Seattle 77.4% 100%
Tacoma 90% 94%
Average (unweighted) 89% 98%
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 18
Rail Sector
Rail: Sector Overview and Goals
Switching locomotives move rail cars from the ports
to rail yards for long distance transportation, in
addition to other activities such as building and
breaking apart trains onsite. Emission reduction
options for the rail sector include:
• Implementing cleaner engines and fuels for
the switching locomotives; and
• Implementing idle-reduction and other energy
efficiency programs.
The 2010 performance measures for the rail sector also require a commitment by the Ports to actively
work with railways and terminal operators who own or lease locomotives in a joint effort to:
• Implement currently available, cost-effective technologies;
• Explore new technologies as they become available; and
• Work to increase operational efficiencies, especially as port throughput volume increases.
Railways in the U.S. and Canada operate under different regulatory structures; thus, separate
approaches may be required to achieve emissions reductions in this sector.
The 2010 performance measure for the Rail Sector is to:
• By 2010: At the Ports of Tacoma and Seattle, expedite the implementation of the SmartWay
Partner commitments9 at intermodal facilities where Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway
(BNSF), Union Pacific, and Tacoma Rail have operations in the Puget Sound region. At Port
Metro Vancouver, work with the industry and regulatory agencies to develop a British Columbia
Locomotive and Rail Air Quality Work Group in 2008, through which collaborative efforts to
reduce emissions from the rail sector will be developed.
9 SmartWay is a voluntary program of U.S. EPA that establishes incentives for freight industry sectors to achieve fuel efficiency
improvements and greenhouse gas emissions reductions. The three primary components of the program are to create
partnerships, reduce all unnecessary engine idling, and increase the efficiency and use of rail and intermodal operations. See:
U.S. EPA SmartWay, http://www.epa.gov/smartway/index.htm, last visited on 12/12/2007.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 19
Rail Sector
2010 Progress, Rail
Port Metro Vancouver
Port Metro Vancouver met the 2010 performance
measure in 2008. Port Metro Vancouver
Tenant Locomotive Initiatives
2011 Implementation Plans Several Port Metro Vancouver Tenants now
operate with new lower-emission locomotives.
The BC Locomotive and Rail Air Quality Work Viterra Grain Terminal, Alliance Grain
Terminal, Neptune Bulk Terminals and Petro
Group will continue to meet in 2011, working Canada Terminals are operating low-emission
multi-genset switch locomotives, including two
toward its objectives of advancing emission
with automatic idle shutdown. In addition,
reductions in the rail sector. Port Metro Vancouver Fraser Surrey Docks has been operating a
hybrid electric ‘Green Kid’ locomotive since
will support these efforts. See the ‘Port Metro the spring of 2004, which does not idle by
Vancouver Tenant Locomotive Initiatives’ design.
highlight box for more details.
Port of Seattle
In 2010, the Port of Seattle reached its 2010 performance measure of supporting the local rail companies
in adopting US EPA SmartWay standards. In the first quarter of 2010, idle-reduction equipment was
installed on two Louis Dreyfus locomotives at Terminal 86 Grain Facility with grant funding support from
the Clean Air Agency.
2011 Implementation Plans
In 2011, the Port of Seattle and the Clean Air Agency will continue to support the EPA SmartWay
commitments made by BNSF Railway and Union Pacific. The Port and the Clean Air Agency will continue
to pursue grant opportunities with their rail partners to secure additional investments to further reduce
emissions.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 20
Rail Sector
Port of Tacoma
The Port of Tacoma reached its 2010 performance measure of supporting rail operators’ participation in
SmartWay.
Port of Tacoma worked closely with its three rail operators, Tacoma Rail, TEMCO, and Pacific Rail
Service, all of which are making strides to reduce emissions. All three rail partners are currently
using ULSD.
• Tacoma Rail is continually improving its fuel efficiency through better locomotive technology. The
Clean Air Agency assisted Tacoma Rail to secure a Federal DERA grant in 2010 for repowering
locomotives with new ultra low emission engines. Tacoma Rail has participated in the EPA
SmartWay Transportation Partnership.
• Pacific Rail has reduced its locomotive fuel use in 2010 by approximately 20% by improving
intermodal rail yard efficiency. Inbound train rail cars were delivered and staged to minimize the
use of switching locomotives.
• In 2010, TEMCO began using diesel fuel additives to improve fuel efficiency and lower emissions.
The benefits were difficult to measure, however, TEMCO had decided to continue the trial
through 2011.
2011 Implementation Plans
The rail sector has been identified by the Port and Port
Tacoma Rail Locomotive Improvements
rail partners as an opportunity for future particulate
It is estimated that by replacing three
emission reduction projects such as additional idle locomotive engines with new and
reduction equipment installation, engine repower or advanced technologies, Tacoma Rail can
reduce fine particulate including toxic
diesel exhaust emission control equipment retrofits. diesel emissions from these locomotives
by 75% or 2 tons per year.
In 2011 the Port of Tacoma will continue to support
In addition, this project will deploy onboard
stakeholder participation in the SmartWay program and lubrication technology on the three
locomotives as well as on five other
the commitments and progress made by Tacoma Rail, switcher locomotives that operate within
TEMCO and Pacific Rail Service. Through a partnership the PM 2.5 non-attainment area. The
lubrication technology (lubrication "sticks")
with the Washington State Department of Ecology and apply lubrication between the rail and the
wheel flange which decreases track
EPA, TEMCO has committed to installing automatic idle
resistance and results in smoother
reduction systems on three switch locomotives. operations and a two to five percent fuel
savings.
In late 2010, EPA approved a request by the Clean Air
Agency to redirect a DERA grant received by the Agency in 2009 to repower three area locomotives
owned by a private company, and instead use the funds to support locomotive improvements at publicly
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 21
Rail Sector
operated Tacoma Rail. In 2011, Tacoma Rail will use these federal funds and their own matching funds to
repower or replace three locomotives operating within the Wapato Hills/Puyallup River Valley nonattainment
area for fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in the Puget Sound region.
Port staff will explore new and emerging locomotive emission reduction technology and work with other
Port and Strategy Partners to provide retrofitting opportunities for viable technology. See the ‘Tacoma
Rail Locomotive Initiatives’ highlight box for details. The Port of Tacoma, Washington State Department
of Ecology and the PSCAA will continue to seek state and federal grant funds to further reduce
locomotive emissions.
Progress Summary, Rail
All three Ports had reached their 2010 performance measures for the rail sector in 2009, and continued to
work towards further emission reductions in 2010. Port of Tacoma and Port of Seattle continued to
support local rail operators in meeting their SmartWay commitments. The Ports were also supportive of
rail emission reduction technologies and retrofits. Table 6 summarizes the programs and initiatives
supported by the Ports in 2010 towards achieving emissions reductions related to the rail sector.
Table 6 Rail Sector Progress Summary
Programs Port Metro Vancouver Port of Seattle Port of Tacoma
BC Locomotive and Rail Air Quality Work Group √
Idle-reduction Retrofits √ √
EPA SmartWay √ √
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 22
Harbor Craft Sector
Harbor Craft: Sector Overview and Goals
Harbor vessels include non-ocean-going vessels
such as ferries, fishing vessels, commercial vessels,
tugs, and pleasure craft. The operations of harbor
vessels, specifically the combustion of diesel fuels,
generate air emissions that influence marine air
quality. Emission reduction measures for harbor
vessels include the use of ULSD or alternative fuels,
as well as increasing fuel efficiencies. Since the Ports
have limited jurisdiction over harbor craft,
governmental agencies have assumed responsibility
for developing and implementing the Strategy’s
harbor craft performance measures.
There is currently no performance measure for the harbor craft sector. Performance measures specific to
each type of harbor craft will be developed by the NWPCAS partners in the upcoming Strategy update.
The regulation of emissions from harbor craft is at different stages of development in the U.S. and
Canada. Both countries have regulated fuel sulfur content, but emissions standards for engines are not
yet in place in Canada. Therefore, the focus of activities varies between Canada and the US, with
outreach in Canada in the near future to focus on regulatory development and readiness. Transport
Canada expects to amend the relevant regulations by 2012. In the Strategy, the Ports and agencies
proposed to work with major harbor vessel owners and operators to annually report on the number and
tier of vessel engines, emission-related retrofits, and alternative fuel use. This has not taken place yet and
will now become part of 2010/11 emissions inventory efforts.
2010 Progress, Harbor Craft
Georgia Basin
Strategy supporters Environment Canada and Transport Canada are working with their partners to
reduce criteria air contaminant and GHG emissions in the Georgia Basin region by reducing emissions
from harbor craft.
There are a variety of organizations that own and operate harbour craft in the Georgia Basin area,
including. Seaspan Marine Corporation (Seaspan) and BC Ferries. Seaspan operates a wide variety of
vessels in and around Port Metro Vancouver. Seaspan’s tug division is comprised of a combination of
conventional tugs used for local, coastal, and ocean-going tows, as well as specialized ship assist tugs
used for ship-docking and tanker escorts within Vancouver Harbor and the Georgia Basin. Seaspan
Ferries Corporation also operates a fleet of five intermodal ferries servicing rail customers, and the truck
and trailer industry.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 23
Harbor Craft Sector
Seaspan has maintained a corporate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory for all of their marine
fleet and land-based shipyard operations since their baseline year of 2006, including implementing
intensity-based GHG emission metrics to track progress within the Seaspan tug fleet. To date, emissions
reduction initiatives for the Seaspan tug fleet include targeting onboard control of speed and voyage
planning, operator education, an engine replacement program, installation of fuel monitoring equipment
and overall journey and dispatch management for optimal fleet efficiency. Seaspan policies also exist to
limit exhaust and unnecessary fuel consumption and emissions while at the dock during crew changeouts
and loading. This includes using shore power for the tug and ferry fleet where possible.
In addition, British Columbia (BC) Ferries is taking steps to reduce its greenhouse gas and air pollutant
emissions. Since 2003, BC Ferries has reduced its annual fuel consumption through a variety of
measures, including resurfacing vessel hulls, installing new fuel-efficient engines on some vessels and
fuel monitoring systems on others. BC Ferries has implemented B5 blend biodiesel use in most of its
fleet, while the remaining petroleum diesel continues to be low-sulfur. Shore power is available at all
terminals where ferries berth overnight, allowing vessels to shut engines down and hook up to
hydroelectric power.
2011 Implementation Plans
As part of Seaspan’s externally verified ISO 14001 Environmental Management System (EMS),
Environmental Action Plans are developed to track performance of annual objectives and targets. A new
initiative for Seaspan in 2011 includes becoming the first major West Coast vessel owner to join the
Green Marine environmental program. As a participant, Seaspan is required to evaluate their
environmental performance each year on a one-to-five scale from regulatory compliance to achieving
excellence. Performance is evaluated on criteria air contaminants (SOx and NOx), greenhouse gas
emissions, and other key environmental indicators common to the marine industry. All results are
independently verified by a third party and shared publicly to demonstrate participants’ environmental
commitment. This new initiative is another example of how Seaspan demonstrates one of their core
values, care for the environment.
BC Ferries will continue its efforts to reduce air emissions and explore new emissions reduction
technologies.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 24
Harbor Craft Sector
Puget Sound
The Puget Sound Clean Air Agency is working with its partners to reduce criteria air contaminant and
GHG emissions in the Puget Sound region by reducing emissions from harbor craft.
The Clean Air Agency is promoting ULSD fuel and new
technologies in all harbor craft with a focus on tugs and Challenges: Unsuccessful Projects
ferries. The Clean Air Agency and the ports continue • A project to install a scrubber unit on a
working with tug companies and marine fuel local dinner cruise vessel was
canceled in early 2011 due to technical
distributors to increase the use of ULSD and with support and schedule concerns.
engine manufacturers to promote cleaner technology. • A tugboat DOC retrofit project was
Washington State Ferries (WSF) is using ULSD (15 canceled when it was determined that
DOCs would unacceptably increase
ppm) or low-sulfur diesel fuel in all of its vessels. WSF engine back pressure.
has been conducting an on-going evaluation of the use • A positive restraint system (PRS)
of biodiesel fuel in its vessels to determine the best project for the Pt. Defiance/Tahlequah
Washington State Ferry run was
course of action. canceled when sea trials of the vessel
indicated that PRS was not well
In 2010, three promising projects in Puget Sound were matched for the class of vessel used
on this run.
unsuccessful. See the ‘Challenges: Unsuccessful
Projects’ box for details.
WSF received a $3 million CMAQ grant in 2009 and began implementation in 2010 to upgrade engines
on several ferries in its fleet. The Clean Air Agency provided a small portion of the match required
by CMAQ.
In 2009, the Clean Air Agency and its partner, Caterpillar Corporation completed a U.S. EPA Diesel
Emission Reduction Act (DERA) grant project to upgrade the engines on a Seattle-based fishing vessel,
Fierce Allegiance, as part of EPA’s Emerging Technology Program. This kit reduced PM emissions by
approximately 25% from the Fierce Allegiance and significantly improved fuel economy. Once certified by
the U.S. EPA, the engine upgrade kit will become mandatory for this engine model under the EPA’s
Inland Marine and Locomotive Rule. In 2010, Caterpillar Corporation continued pursuing final EPA
certification of the upgrade kit. EPA has yet to issue certification for the kit, but is expected to do so
in 2011.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 25
Harbor Craft Sector
2011 Implementation Plans
Early in 2011, the Clean Air Agency submitted an additional DERA grant application to EPA to repower a
tug boat owned and operated by Harley Marine. Partial matching funds were committed by the
Washington State Department of Ecology, with Harley Marine providing the balance of the required
matching funds. EPA will announce the selected projects for this round of highly competitive DERA
funding later in 2011.
In 2011 the Clean Air Agency will implement projects funded in 2010, and continue to pursue additional
state and federal funding opportunities that will reduce harbor craft emissions. In addition, the Agency is
planning to host a workshop in late 2011 or early 2012 on fuel efficiency technologies and practices for
area harbor craft fleet owners. Reducing fuel usage both saves the owner money and reduces emissions
into the airshed.
Progress Summary, Harbor Craft
While there is no quantitative performance measure or target for this sector, efforts to reduce harbor craft
related emissions are moving forward. Initiatives from government agencies and their industry partners
have promoted the use of cleaner fuels in harbor craft and engine replacement and retrofits. The
agencies and Ports continue to encourage and support implementation of emission management
initiatives and work to secure funding for them. In addition, they recognize the efforts of industry leaders
such as Seaspan, BC Ferries and Washington State Ferries and encourage the continuation of their
emission management actions.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 26
Port Administration Sector
Port Administration: Sector Overview and Goals
Emissions from port administration are associated with vehicle use, and electricity and gas consumption
for daily port operations. These emissions can be reduced through the use of cleaner technology or
alternative fueled vehicles, employee programs to facilitate sustainable commuting options, adoption of
green building practices such as LEED®, and implementation of energy efficiency improvements.
Performance measures have not yet been established for the port administration sector, and as such the
Ports have taken a variety of approaches to reduce emissions at each port. This section includes a
summary of the initiatives the Ports have implemented to reduce administration related emissions in
2010, as well as a summary of ongoing programs designed to reduce each port’s overall
environmental footprint.
2010 Progress, Port Administration
Port Metro Vancouver
As part of the goal to reduce administrative emissions and reduce environmental impacts, Port Metro
Vancouver accomplished the following in 2010:
• Developed Port Metro Vancouver’s first Sustainability Report in accordance with the Global
Reporting Initiative Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. Port Metro Vancouver retained an
independent third party to provide assurance on performance indicators and targeted a GRI B+
reporting level.
• Implemented energy conservation measures, reducing electricity consumption at the Canada
Place Port Metro Vancouver office by 13% (133,938 kWh).
• Almost all office paper consumed at Port Metro Vancouver in 2010 contained 30% post-consumer
recycled content.
• Implemented a ‘Sort Smart’ waste management program at the Canada Place Port Metro
Vancouver office, including a recycling program for paper, glass, metals and plastics.
• Implemented a composting service for organic waste, diverting 2,970 kg of organic waste from
the landfill over 8 months.
• Introduced the “Guaranteed Ride Home” program, assuring a free ride home for employees who
commute using sustainable forms of transportation when they are required to work late or in the
event of an emergency.
• Participated in the Vancouver Commuter Challenge, where 43% of our employees committed to
using sustainable forms of transportation three days a week for at least a month.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 27
Port Administration Sector
Actions and achievements associated with Port Metro Vancouver’s ongoing efforts to reduce air
emissions associated with administrative activities include the following:
• Completed Port Metro Vancouver’s second Corporate Emissions Inventory and had the results
independently verified using the ISO 14064 Standard.
• Emissions from energy use at the Port Metro Vancouver head office were reduced through
energy conservation measures, while emissions from vehicle use were reduced through the use
of hybrid fleet vehicles.
• Remaining operations emissions were offset through the purchase of 1,265 tonnes of BC-based
carbon offsets from the Pacific Carbon Trust, resulting in carbon-neutral Port Metro Vancouver
operations for 2010.
2011 Implementation Plans
In 2011, Port Metro Vancouver aims to:
• Transition to office paper containing 100% postconsumer
recycled content.
• Implement a ‘Sort Smart’ waste management
program for the Port Metro Vancouver Maintenance
Facility.
• Conduct an energy study of the Canada Place office to determine operational changes and
capital upgrades in order to further reduce energy consumption.
• Participate in the 2011 Vancouver Commuter Challenge.
Port of Seattle
As part of the goal to reduce administrative emissions
and reduce environmental impacts, the Port of Seattle Puget Sound Clean Cities Coalition
accomplished the following in 2010: PSCCC promotes cleaner air, minimizing
greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing
• The Port is a member of “Evergreen Fleets,” a fuel consumption through smart and
efficient fleet management practices. It is
program co-administered by the Clean Air
an organization with public and private
Agency and the Puget Sound Clean Cities members supporting energy security and
Coalition (PSCCC). See the ‘Puget Sound economic development by promoting
Clean Cities Coalition’ highlight box for policies and practices that reduce
details. Through this program, the Port replaced petroleum consumption. PSCCC
members work within the US Department
two of its large maintenance vehicles with
of Energy's Clean Cities Program – a
energy-efficient Fort Transit Connect Vans. larger national program. PSCCC provides
education, technical assistance, access to
• The Port of Seattle Fleet was ranked #20 in top
grant funds and other services to assist in
100 Government Green Fleets in 2010 the implementation of the Coalition's
(Government Fleet Magazine). strategies.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 28
Port Administration Sector
• Removed 5 pieces of equipment from the fleet and did not replace them; 1983 backhoe,
1999 truck, 1997 car, 1989 hydro-blaster and 1979 forklift
• Replaced the 1995 Marine Maintenance Dump Truck with one that has 2010 emission standards
• Replaced Marine Maintenance boiler with better air quality compliant boiler
• Increased the frequency of filter changes in the paint booth to quarterly
• Increased bulk purchasing of cleaners and lubricants to reduce exposure
• Started to purchase more latex and non-lead based sealers and paints instead of oil
based products
Actions and achievements associated with the Port of Seattle’s ongoing efforts to reduce air emissions
associated with administrative activities include the following:
• A member of the Marine Maintenance staff was appointed to the governance board of the Vehicle
Maintenance Management Conference
• Implementation of Office Communicator and Computer screen cameras, reducing the need to
travel to meetings by participating via teleconferencing
• Increased Flex schedules and more people working from home in 2010
• Increased use of plug-in hybrid cars
2011 Implementation Plans
In 2011, the Port of Seattle will continue to purchase hybrid or alternative-fuel vehicles when replacing
fleet vehicles. The Port will also work to increase recycling efforts and reduce water and electricity
consumption at all Port facilities.
Port of Tacoma
As part of the goal to reduce administrative emissions and reduce environmental impacts, the Port of
Tacoma accomplished the following in 2010:
• As a member of the “Evergreen Fleets” organization, the Port replaced three of its large
maintenance vehicles with energy efficient Ford Transit Connect Vans. This represents a fuel
savings of over 7,000 gallons per year.
• As part of the overall fleet efficiency effort, the Port retired 11 older, inefficient vehicles and did
not replace them.
• The Port revised environmental policies and procedures to more efficiently integrate waste
minimization and energy conservation into Port business practices and project development
processes. In 2010, the Port recycled approximately 6,000 tons of asphalt and 500 tons of
concrete pavement from demolition and construction projects.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 29
Port Administration Sector
• The Port has completed energy audits and has recommendations for certain Port owned or
operated buildings, rail yard compressors and general yard lighting. Recommendations include
energy saving measures that result in a relatively short payback period for any purchased
capital equipment.
• Terminal operators have also performed an energy audit and are currently reviewing
recommendations for improved yard lighting efficiency and electrical power conditioning
equipment to improve energy efficiency at their terminal.
Actions and achievements associated with the Port of Tacoma’s ongoing efforts to reduce air emissions
associated with administrative activities include the following:
• Continued requirement that all construction equipment used in Port development projects use
ULSD fuel.
• Continued participation in Tacoma Power’s Evergreen Option at the 11% level. The Evergreen
Option is offered by Tacoma Power as a means to purchase electrical power generated by wind
or solar sources. Tacoma Power supplies 89% of its power from renewable hydroelectric. By
purchasing 11% of its power from wind or solar sources, Port of Tacoma has offset the nonrenewable
portion of its power purchases to become a 100% renewable energy consumer.
• Continued office waste reduction and recycling practices by providing paper recycling collection
bins at all employee desks and paper, plastic and aluminum recycling bins in kitchen areas. The
Port continues to purchase post-consumer recycled paper products for photocopy machines.
• Continued office energy efficiency practices through compact fluorescent bulb and T8 fluorescent
tube usage in overhead fixtures.
• Continued preferential use of hybrid vehicles for longer-distance travel outside the Port, reducing
fuel consumption.
• Continued participation by Port employees in the commuter trip reduction program. In 2010, 32
employees participated by reducing their fuel usage by nearly 4,000 gallons.
2011 Implementation Plans
In 2011, the Port will join the PSCCC. Port of Tacoma supports PSCCC’s promotion of alternative fuels
and vehicles, fuel blends, fuel economy, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and idle reduction strategies. The
Port will draw on their collective knowledge and resources to facilitate additional improvements in energy
efficiency, the use of alternative energy, improvements in fleet fuel efficiency and fleet vehicle
electrification.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 30
Port Administration Sector
Progress Summary, Port Administration
The Ports have taken a variety of approaches to reducing emissions from several aspects of port
administration, and have also implemented initiatives to reduce their broader environmental impacts. A
summary of the Ports’ new and ongoing achievements in this area is provided below (Table 7).
Table 7 Port Administration Sector Progress Summary
Environmental Programs Port Metro Vancouver Port of Seattle Port of Tacoma
Corporate Emissions Inventory √ √
Energy Audits √ √
Sustainable Procurement Policy √ √
Solid Waste reduction √ √ √
Vehicle Fuel Efficiency/Clean Fuels √ √ √
Offset Purchasing √ √
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 31
Conclusions
Progress Overview
2010 Progress
In 2010, progress was made in each of the sectors, most notably with respect to trucks. Nearly all trucks
visiting the three Ports met the 2010 performance measure, an achievement reached through proactive
stakeholder engagement and a variety of incentive-based and mandatory programs. Challenges were
encountered in implementing the Strategy for the CHE sector, as a diesel exhaust filter technology did not
perform as anticipated, and the manufacturer recommended the filters be removed from cargo handling
equipment at the Ports of Seattle and Tacoma.
2008 to 2010 Progress
The Ports have now completed three years of strategy implementation toward the 2010 performance
measures. Collectively, the efforts of the Ports, agencies, and stakeholders have resulted in significant
progress toward meeting or exceeding the 2010 performance measure in each sector. Table 8
summarizes the collective performance in 2010, as well as in the previous two years toward achieving the
2010 performance measures. A summary of the progress over the last three years is provided in the
table below.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 32
Conclusions
Table 8 Summary of Progress (2008-2010)
2008 2009 2010
Sector 2010 Performance Measure
Progress Progress Progress
• Equivalent PM reduction of fuels with maximum sulfur
content of 0.5% for hotelling auxiliary engine
Ocean Going operations.
31% 38% 44%
Vessels • Fuels with maximum sulfur content of 1.5%, or
• Equivalent PM reduction measures for all hotelling
main or diesel electric engine operations.
• Equivalent PM reduction of Tier 2 or Tier 3 engines10
Cargo Handling
operating with ULSD or a biodiesel blend of an 28% 57% 62%
Equipment
equivalent sulfur level.
• Equivalent PM emissions level of 1994 or newer
Trucks 86% 89% 98%
heavy-duty truck engine model year.
• Ports of Tacoma and Seattle: expedite the
implementation of the SmartWay Partner
commitments at intermodal facilities
Rail
• Port Metro Vancouver: develop a British Columbia
Locomotive and Rail Air Quality Work Group, to
develop sector specific efforts.
• No quantitative performance measures for 2010. • Promotion of ULSD fuel and other
• The Ports and agencies proposed to work with major clean fuels
harbor vessel owners and operators to annually report • Harbor Dues discounts and rebates
on the number and tier of vessel engines, emission- • Harbor craft engine upgrades
related retrofits, and alternative fuel use.
Harbor Craft • Ferry usage of ULSD and biodiesel
• Quantitative 2015 performance measures will be set
in 2012. • Implementation of fuel efficiency
programs by ferries
• Use of shore power for ferries
• Ferry engine upgrades
• No quantitative performance measures for 2010 • Replacement of gasoline vehicles
• The Ports have committed to energy, waste and with gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles
emissions reduction initiatives. • Equipment fleet efficiency programs,
• 2015 performance measures will be set in 2012. biodiesel usage
• Energy efficiency programs
• Low carbon electricity sourcing
Port • Sustainable commuting initiatives
Administration • Corporate emission inventories
• Set Corporate Social Responsibility
targets
• Waste management programs
• Sustainability reporting
• Carbon offset purchases
• Green procurement policies
10 Tier 2 and 3 standards are 0.15 g/hp*hr for most CHE. See Table 1.1 in US EPA’s Final Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of
Emissions from Nonroad Diesel Engines, August 1998, available online at: http://www.epa.gov/nonroad-diesel/frm1998/nr-
ria.pdf, last visited on 12/12/2007.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 33
Conclusions
2011 and Beyond
Strategy Review and Update
Regulatory Driver for Strategy Update
Even at the time of development in 2007, the Ports
In light of North American ECA regulations
recognized that the Strategy would be a living
that will come into effect in August 2012,
document that would need to be regularly updated and some short-term refinements for the OGV
sector will need to be made to reflect the
revised in light of new standards, evolving
new regulatory environment. For the
technologies, and evolving air quality and climate overall strategy to remain relevant, the
revised goals for 2015 will require
change policy frameworks. See the ‘Regulatory Driver
significant engagement with stakeholders
for Strategy Update’ box for an example. In addition, in order to define appropriate goals and
metrics for 2015.
the Ports now have three years of experience and
“lessons learned” in implementing air quality initiatives, As a transitional step leading towards the
major review in 2012, the Ports plan on
as well as new information from emission inventories
working together, and with customers, in
and enhanced data management systems to inform the preparation for the pending implementation
of ECA. This transitional step during 2011
next phase of implementation.
is necessary to fully roll out programs prior
to the enforcement of ECA regulations,
A major review of the Strategy is planned to occur in allowing marine carriers time to adapt.
2012, incorporating these external changes and
internal lessons learned. In the revised strategy, 2015 performance measures will become short-term
goals and 2020 performance measures will become the new mid-term goals. Key questions for the review
will include what the Strategy’s mid-term 2020 performance measures should be, and to what extent they
should address system efficiencies, greenhouse gases, and climate change thus expanding the scope.
The strategy update will:
• Define quantitative 2015 performance measures for the rail and harbor craft sectors;
• Fully address the implication of ECA on the OGV sector; and
• Incorporate new information and regulations to adjust existing 2015 performance measures.
Starting in 2011, the Ports will begin working towards achieving the 2015 performance measures outlined
in the original Strategy, continuing to support ongoing emission reductions in the Puget Sound and
Georgia Basin airshed. The Ports will continue to report annually on their emission reduction activities,
highlighting successes and challenges with implementation. Air emission inventories will also be
conducted on a regular basis by the Ports in order to measure the actual results of emission reduction
activities. Strategies, implementation reports and emission inventories are all available online at each of
the Ports’ websites.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 34
Conclusions
Canadian Land-based Emissions Inventory
Port Metro Vancouver is currently leading a collaborative effort with Environment Canada and Transport
Canada to update the 2005 land-based emission inventory for 2010. This complements ongoing efforts
led by both the British Columbia Chamber of Shipping (for marine sources) and Metro Vancouver (for
regional emission sources). The 2010 assessment of Port-specific emission sources will also include:
• Quantification of emission reduction measures already in place and expected in the future;
• Forecasting of emissions through 2025 in five year increments;
• Examination of the incremental impact from Port-related truck and rail activity throughout the
Lower Fraser Valley; and
• Inclusion of energy-related emissions, specifically indirect emissions due to electricity
consumption.
Puget Sound Marine Emissions Inventory
In 2005, the partners in the Puget Sound Maritime Air Forum, including the Port of Seattle, Port of
Tacoma, Washington State Ferries, Puget Sound Clean Air Agency and others, collaborated on the
development of a baseline Puget Sound Marine Emissions Inventory (PSEI). The baseline 2005 PSEI
formed the basis of the Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy.
A new PSEI is being developed in 2011 that includes the same Puget Sound Airshed boundary
delineated in the 2005 PSEI. Once developed, quantitative results will be evaluated against the 2005
baseline emission inventory to assess the effectiveness of the emission reduction and air quality
improvement programs since January 2006, including the Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy. The 2011
PSEI will also provide the benchmark for future emission reduction efforts by the Ports, the marine
industry, and regulatory agencies, and furthermore will support the next version of the Strategy and
performance measures.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 35
Conclusions
Conclusion
The Ports and partners have made significant progress in reducing emissions in ways that reflect the
unique operations and conditions associated with each of the Ports. The successful implementation of the
Strategy was supported by some key drivers, including the spirit of collaboration, cooperation, and
entrepreneurship that exists among the Ports. The Ports all invested significant effort and resources to try
new approaches to emission reduction, taking voluntary action to improve their performance beyond air
regulatory requirements. These efforts were supported in many cases by federal and state funding
programs and grants, helping implementation to move forward during an economic downturn. The Ports
have made consistent progress considering their boundaries of influence; the majority of emission
sources are outside of their direct control because they are owned by other bodies such as port tenants,
trucking companies, and shipping lines. Proactive stakeholder engagement was therefore a crucial factor
in successful implementation, ensuring that those directly affected by, or responsible for, emission
reduction requirements had the opportunity to understand and buy into the various programs. The
economic downturn also contributed to interest in energy efficiency programs, since costs savings were
available through reduced fuel consumption.
The 2010 performance measures were not met in all cases, highlighting the influence of some barriers to
implementation. For some sectors, quantitative performance measures have not yet been set, or
regulatory frameworks do not yet exist; it can be difficult to prioritize an investment in emission reduction
programs without a defined objective or benchmark against which to measure progress. The availability of
data and data collection mechanisms was another challenge to implementation; without clarity on the
baseline conditions, it can be difficult to implement a program to achieve the desired target. Accordingly,
improving data collection systems was a key focus over the three years of implementation. The Ports
were also faced with challenges associated with technical solutions. Although new emission reduction
technologies are emerging constantly, in some cases there were no approved technologies that could
achieve the required emission reductions. In other cases, technologies did not perform as anticipated.
The economic downturn meant the Ports faced budget constraints, and external funding opportunities
were reduced. Equipment turnover was also lower than it might have been in a prosperous year, as
private operators were not updating their fleets.
The Ports will draw on the lessons learned from these successes and challenges as they enter the next
phase of Strategy implementation toward 2015 performance measures.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Page 36
Appendix A: Data Methodology and Calculations
Appendix A: Data Methodology and Calculations
Ocean-Going Vessels
Port Metro Vancouver
Due to the nature of how the EcoAction program, previously known as the Differentiated Harbour Dues, is
administered only the first 5 calls by a vessel are directly tracked for air emission reduction actions. All
calls under the EcoAction program have been directly verified by Port Metro Vancouver boat crews.
These verified calls are the reported numbers towards meeting the strategy goals. It addition to the
verified calls, conservative estimates are provided through experience with shipping lines known to be
consistent in policy and can reasonably be expected to continue to utilize air reduction measures.
The conservative estimate is based upon scaling the behavior of the first five calls to the total number of
calls by a vessel as long as the vessel met the following conditions:
• 3 out of the 5 visits met the requirements (applications were not always entered for the first
5 visits)
• The vessel was not denied an EcoAction level on any of the visits
Port of Seattle
The Port of Seattle used At-Berth Clean Fuels reporting forms from participating carriers and a database
of all Port vessel calls at each of its terminals. In addition, two vessels from each participating carrier were
audited to validate the reporting forms. This was done primarily through reviewing bunker fuel receipts
and oil logs.
Port of Tacoma
The Port of Tacoma relied primarily on written verification from shipping lines as a record. In 2010, the
Port requested bunker delivery notes directly from one international shipping lines call that was randomly
selected and without prior notice. The Port also conducted two vessel boardings to review each vessel’s
operation and fuel usage.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Appendix A – Page 1
Appendix A: Data Methodology and Calculations
Cargo Handling Equipment
Port Metro Vancouver
Port Metro Vancouver’s progress toward the 2010 CHE performance measure is based on forecasting
cargo handling equipment to 2010, from the 2005 baseline, consistent with methodologies outlined in the
Port Metro Vancouver Landside Air Emissions Inventory Phase I: Burrard Inlet and Roberts Bank. Fraser
River data was not available and so is not included. The forecast includes planned changes by tenants
and an estimated equipment changeover rate (e.g. if 10% of the fleet in 2005 was 5 years old, it assumes
10% of the fleet in 2010 is 5 years old). The inventory assumed U.S. engine tier timelines as much of the
equipment is from U.S. manufacturers. PM2.5 emission reductions of ≥63% from Tier 1 equipment only
were included as equivalent to or exceeding Tier 2 or Tier 3. All other emission reductions formed part of
the estimate for progress toward the 2010 performance measure
Port of Seattle
The Port of Seattle reviewed 2010 data from terminal operators managing cargo handling retrofit projects
at the Port, as well as comprehensive CHE lists prepared by the Washington State Department of
Ecology and the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency. Data included vehicle model year, recognition of onroad
engines and control device installation. Information from retrofit projects was checked against the
terminal-provided information. Information was compared against published U.S. EPA standards for
model year and engine power.
Port of Tacoma
The Port of Tacoma reviewed 2010 data collected from terminal operators and agencies managing cargo
handing retrofit projects at the Port. Data included vehicle model year, recognition of on-road engines and
control device installation. Information from retrofit projects was checked against the terminal-provided
information. Information was compared against published U.S. EPA standards for model year and
engine power.
Rail
Port Metro Vancouver
Information was gathered by Port Metro Vancouver.
Port of Seattle
Data was obtained from the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency and Louis Dreyfus.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Appendix A – Page 2
Appendix A: Data Methodology and Calculations
Port of Tacoma
Data was gathered from review of public information posted on the Tacoma Rail website and
communication with TEMCO and Pacific Rail Services. Data and general information was gathered from
Puget Sound Clean Air Agency regarding their DERA grant application that had been reprogrammed to
Tacoma Rail’s repower project.
Trucks
The Strategy performance measure for trucks states that progress should be measured by truck engine
model year. However this information was not available in many cases; thus the Ports are reporting
progress based on truck model year, unless engine model year is available.
The following definitions and assumptions are included in the calculation of progress toward the 2010
performance measure:
• Drayage trucks are defined as container trucks that serve the Port terminals. The existing
reporting systems for trucks – Port Metro Vancouver Truck Licensing System, Port of Seattle
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Program, and the Port of Tacoma semi-annual truck fleet
surveys – rely on the best available data.
• Port of Seattle and Port of Tacoma will continue to work to accurately identify the full inventory of
the truck population calling the ports – approximately 80% of the population is known, and the
other 20% are assumed from the state-wide inventory. Port Metro Vancouver has an accurate
inventory based on their truck licensing program.
Port Metro Vancouver
Drayage truck fleet age distribution data was collected via the Port Metro Vancouver Container Truck
Licensing System.
Port of Seattle
Through Cascade Sierra Solutions, the Port has been tracking the number of pre-1994 trucks that have
been scrapped, and in many cases replaced and retrofitted, as part of the ScRAPS Program administered
by the Clean Air Agency with grant funds from the Port and the Department of Ecology. The Port of
Seattle DTR is the mechanism by which trucks entering the container terminals are determined to be
compliant with the Clean Truck Program and allowed access.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Appendix A – Page 3
Appendix A: Data Methodology and Calculations
Port of Tacoma
Data was collected from two sources: terminal operators and drayage trucking companies. Three terminal
operators were able to provide data from gate security and efficiency operations. Gate data sources
include trucking companies that serve the terminal and license plate information gathered by optical
character recognition (OCR) systems. Two terminal operators had OCR systems recording truck license
plate information.
As part of the Port of Tacoma Clean Truck Sticker program, truck age information was obtained from over
6,000 trucks requesting or receiving identification stickers.
Washington Department of Licensing provided truck model year in exchange for license plate information
captured by terminal OCR systems and provided by truck owners as part of the sticker program.
Port staff performed an on-site terminal audit in February 2011 to measure compliance with the clean
truck program standards. Data was gathered at the end of the first quarter 2011 from terminal OCR
systems to supplement and confirm the onsite terminal audit results.
Harbor Craft
Georgia Basin
Information on harbor craft was provided by Seaspan Marine Corporation and BC Ferries.
Puget Sound
Information on harbor craft was provided by Puget Sound Clean Air Agency, the Department of Ecology
and Washington State Ferries.
Port Administration
Port Metro Vancouver
Information was gathered by Port Metro Vancouver.
Port of Seattle
Port Administration data was gathered from reporting of internal actions that represent reductions directly
or indirectly of criteria air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions.
Port of Tacoma
Data was gathered by Port of Tacoma on administrative and operational activities to reduce, directly and
indirectly, criteria air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions.
Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy 2010 Implementation Report Appendix A – Page 4
Limitations of Translatable Documents
PDF files are created with text and images are placed at an exact position on a page of a fixed size.
Web pages are fluid in nature, and the exact positioning of PDF text creates presentation problems.
PDFs that are full page graphics, or scanned pages are generally unable to be made accessible, In these cases, viewing whatever plain text could be extracted is the only alternative.